Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder
Anthony R. Mundy, John M. Fitzpatrick, David E. Neal, Nicholas J. R. George in The Scientific Basis of Urology, 2010
Occupational exposure to chemicals in Europe accounts for up to 10% of male bladder cancers. Most carcinogens have a latent period of 15 to 20 years between exposure and the development of tumors. The proportion may be higher in countries with less-regulated industrial processes. Bladder cancer has an important place in the history of occupational disease. In 1895, Rehn reported cases of bladder cancer in a German aniline dye factory. In 1938, Hueper produced the first experimental evidence showing that the aromatic amine, β-naphthylamine, could induce bladder cancer in dogs (10). Following this and other reports, a full epidemiological survey conducted by Case showed that exposure to a-naphthylamine, β-naphthylamine, or benzidine, rather than to aniline itself, was the main factor associated with the development of bladder cancer (11). Aromatic amines were widely used in the manufacture of dyes and pigments for textiles, paints, plastics, paper and hair dyes, in drugs, pesticides and as anticipated in the rubber industry. In 1952, production of β-naphthylamine ceased in the United Kingdom, and in 1953 bladder cancer became a prescribed industrial disease (12). It is calculated that approximately 4% of bladder cancer cases in European men are because of exposure to PAHs, by-products of the catabolic process (13).
Organic Chemicals
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Aromatic and heterocyclic amines are chemicals composed of single- and multiple-ring systems with an exocytic amino group. They do not occur in nature except for complex heterocyclines that are generated during pyrolysis. They are synthetics used in dye and drug manufacturing and as antioxidants.383 The typical monoarylamines and polyarylamines with carcinogenic potential include aniline and o-toluidine (sarcoma), o-anisidine and p-cresidine (bladder cancer), and phenacetin384 (Table 5.48). At high doses, anilines are carcinogenic, and through its metabolite phenylhydroxylamine, aniline is a powerful hematopoietic poison producing methemoglobinemia. o-Toluidine and 2,6-dimethylaniline are released from the local anesthetics prilocaine and lidocaine.385 High-level chronic abuse, but not ordinary intermittent drug use, of phenacetin has led to human bladder cancer.386 These aforementioned aromatic amines have been observed to trigger chemical sensitivity.
Bladder Cancers
Peter G. Shields in Cancer Risk Assessment, 2005
The most important, single class of bladder carcinogens consists of aromatic amines. Aromatic amines are present in tobacco smoke and contaminate the ambient air where smokers are present (2). Exposure to aromatic amines occurs in different industrial and agricultural activities. Aromatic amines have been used as antioxidants in the production of rubber and in cutting oils, as intermediates in azo dye manufacturing, and as pesticides. They are a common contaminant in several working environments, including the chemical and mechanical industries and aluminum transformation. Aromatic amine-based dyes are widely used, particularly in the textile industry.
Erythema multiforme following exposure to the herbicide atrazine
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Madeline Frizzell, Nhan M. Nguyen, Sonal A. Parikh, Maya Sinai, Leonard Goldberg
Atrazine is a triazine drug, belonging to a class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles. It works by binding to plastoquinone-binding protein in photosystem II, a protein that animals lack, and thereby inhibiting the electron transport process.9 The plant dies as a result of photosynthesis inhibition.9 A study to assess the percutaneous absorption of atrazine in human skin found that 16.4% of the applied dose was absorbed, indicating its permeability potential.10 Many anticonvulsants also contain aromatic amine structures like atrazine and are well-known causes of erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Lamotrigine, phenytoin, and carbamazepine all contain aromatic amine groups, which have been more commonly related than others to the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.11 However, the relationship between the aromatic amine structure and the development of these hypersensitivity disorders is not understood.11
The effects of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) on the skin fibroblast cells
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Enayatollah Seydi, Mohsen Fatahi, Parvaneh Naserzadeh, Jalal Pourahmad
The use of hair dye has roots in the past times and in Egypt. Furthermore, the hair dye has been used to enhance the attractiveness, health, femininity and beauty (Al-Shaikh et al., 2018). One of the most important components of the hair dye is para-phenylenediamine (PPD), which is a derivative of para-nitroaniline (Abd-ElZaher et al., 2012; Al-Shaikh et al., 2018; Blömeke et al., 2009; Chye et al., 2014; Hooff et al., 2011; Singla et al., 2005). Research has shown that about 30% of American women use PPD containing hair dyes (Abd-ElZaher et al., 2012). Documents show that the toxicological properties of aromatic amines such as PPD are very widespread. One of these important properties is the induction of apoptosis through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Chye et al., 2014; Nohynek et al., 2015). The most important route of exposing humans to PPD is through the skin and inhalation during the dyeing process (Abd-ElZaher et al., 2012). PPD can cause skin irritation, contact dermatitis, rhabdomyolysis, renal impairment and severe edema. These complications indicate that this compound is very toxic (Al-Shaikh et al., 2018; Singla et al., 2005).
Toxicological analysis of synthetic dye orange red on expression of NFκB-mediated inflammatory markers in Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Ishfaq Shafi Khan, Shafat Ali, Khalid Bashir Dar, Mohd Murtaza, Md. Niamat Ali, Showkat Ahmad Ganie, Showkat Ahmad Dar
Carmoisine and sunset yellow azo dyes are the two main components of OR which are reduced into carcinogenic aromatic amines by phase II metabolizing enzymes and intestinal microflora (Pielesz et al. 2002, Umbuzeiro et al. 2005). The potential carcinogenic nature of these food dyes generates free radicals and ultimately attacks DNA, lipids, and proteins (Lobo et al. 2010). Free radicals can get generated because of the potential carcinogenic properties of the products produced from OR metabolism. Oxidative stress at the cellular level is intensified by the formation of reactive free radicals (Bansal et al. 2005). The decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increase in oxidative stress have been associated with internal organ damage (Ortiz-Butrón et al.2011).