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Restricted and Banned Herbals
Published in Amritpal Singh Saroya, Reverse Pharmacology, 2018
Chemical composition: The major stimulant alkaloid of A. catechu is arecoline (up to 0.2%), the remainder of the alkaloid content (total about 0.45%) being composed of arecaidine, guvacine, and guvacoline. The seeds contain procyanidins known as arecatannins, which have been linked to carcinoma.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Nuts contain the alkaloids, arecoline, arecaine, arecaidine, and arecolidine, isoguvacine, guvacine, and guvacoline; tannins (18%), (tannic- and gallic-acid), fats (14 to 18%; with glycerides of palmitic-, stearic-, myristic-, lauric-, oleie-, margaric-, nonadecanoid-, and heneicosanic-acids), choline, catechin, saccharose, mannan, galactan, other carbohydrates and proteins, and some Vitamin A.1 Gum, mucilage, and resin are also reported. Per 100 g, the shoot is reported to contain 43 calories, 86.4 g H2O, 3.3 g protein, 0.3 g fat, 9.0 g total carbohydrate, 1.0 g ash, 6 mg Ca, 89 mg P, and 2.0 mg Fe. Per 100 g, the mature seed is reported to contain 394 calories, 12.3 g H2O, 6.0 g protein, 10.8 g fat, 69.4 g total carbohydrate, 15.9 g fiber, 1.5 g ash, 542 mg Ca, 63 mg P, 5.7 mg Fe, 76 mg Na, 446 mg K, 0.17 mg thiamine, 0.69 mg riboflavin, 0.6 mg niacin, and a trace of ascorbic acid.21
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents — Ripe and semiripe areca nuts contain26 a large number of amino acids both in the free and combined state. The salient features of amino acid makeup are an insignificant quantity of tryptophan and methionin, presence of high percentage of proline both in free and combined forms, and relative increase of free tryosine and phenylalanine and of combined arginine in the semiripe and ripe nuts. Earlier investigations revealed the presence of five alkaloids, viz., arecoline, arecaidine, guvaoline, guvacine, and arecolidine, but a recently detailed analysis of young and mature nuts showed the presence of minor amounts of + catechin and high amounts of procyanidins.105 Arecoline, a substitute for pilocarpine, has been isolated from the nuts. They also contain β-sitosterol and leukocyanidins and tannins which exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties.178
Metabolism of the areca alkaloids – toxic and psychoactive constituents of the areca (betel) nut
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Giri et al. (2006) evaluated the disposition of arecoline and arecaidine in FVB mice following administration of arecoline (20 mg/kg p.o. and i.p.) or arecaidine (20 mg/kg p.o. and i.p.). Using a metabolomics approach, a total of eleven metabolites of arecoline were identified, as well as nine unidentified metabolites (Giri et al. 2006). Metabolites arising after arecoline administration included arecaidine, arecoline N-oxide (ANO), arecaidine N-oxide, N-methylnipecotic acid, N-methylnipecotylglycine, arecaidinylglycine, arecaidinylglycerol, arecaidine mercapturic acid, arecoline mercapturic acid, and ANO mercapturic acid (Giri et al. 2006). Mice administered arecaidine shared six of the metabolites with arecoline-treated mice. Major metabolites excreted in the urine from 0 to 12 h after arecoline administration were unchanged drug (0.3–0.4%), arecaidine (7.1–13.1%), ANO (7.4–19.0%), and N-methylnipecotic acid (13.5–30.3%). Two major metabolites were excreted in the urine (0–12 h) in arecaidine-treated mice, unmetabolized arecaidine (15.1–23.0%), and N-methylnipecotic acid (14.8%–37.7%) (Giri et al. 2006).
Text, picture or video: effects of different consumption guidance methods on betel nut sensory evaluation and risk perception
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2022
Hong Wen, Hong Zheng, Lifang Li, Fengshan Li
Betel nut (BN) is the fourth most popular psychoactive substance in the world (IARC, 2004). The arecoline and arecaidine in BN can increase the adrenaline, resist anxiety, and make people excited and addicted (Chu, 2001; Lim, 2003). Meanwhile, BN has been listed as a first-class carcinogen by the World Health Organization (IARC, 2004). It is confirmed that BN has certain damage on the body’s energy metabolism regulation and immune response, such as hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, and inflammation (Wei et al., 2017). Chewing BN will also cause great damage to the oral cavity (Chang et al., 2017), including oral ulcers, oral mucosa damage, and even oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis, which are high-risk preneoplastic states (Lee et al., 2003).