‘We're cleaning up Japan'
Christopher Aldous, Akihito Suzuki in Reforming Public Health in Occupied Japan, 1945–52, 2011
While insect control lay at the heart of the Occupation's drive to reduce the incidence of enteric diseases, and to prevent epidemics of typhus and malaria, attention was also directed to the eradication of rats by means of traps and poison. Here there was no great fanfare over the introduction of superior American products or methods, rather a commitment to ensuring that established Japanese practices were carried out satisfactorily. In April 1946 H. Cumings of the PH&W's supply division stated that at least one company – Hodagaya Chemical Company – was capable of producing two tons of Antu rat poison per month.87 Just ten days later Sams reported that production of effective rodenticides was being re-established at all plants where this was possible, but there was little likelihood of sufficient supplies for an effective control programme in the coming months.88 In the meantime, he declared, the shortfall would have to be met by 8th Army and the Japanese government charged accordingly. Just a few months later, in August 1946, Warren Bradlee of the PH&W's Preventive Medicine Division assessed the rat control measures undertaken by many cities, using rat poison and traps, as ‘fairly effective’, although he regretted the lack of ‘trained supervision’.89 The 4,100,000 packages of Antu reportedly produced by Japanese factories between June and August 1946 obviously contributed to the campaign's modest success.90 From May to July the following year, Japanese factories manufactured 25,763 kg of Antu, 8,915 kg of Nekoirazu rat poison and 14,000 rat traps.91 These supplies enabled prefectural governors to oversee more rigorous control measures. Given that the official history of the Occupation maintains that rodenticides such as Antu and phosphorous compounds were manufactured ‘to satisfy all needs’, it can be assumed that production levels soon returned to pre-war norms.92
The genetic structure and admixture of Manchus and Koreans in northeast China
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2023
Na Sun, Le Tao, Rui Wang, Kongyang Zhu, Xiangjun Hai, Chuan-Chao Wang
Here, we reported the genome-wide SNP data of 16 Manchu individuals living in Jinzhou, Liaoning, and 18 Korean individuals living in Antu County of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. Zhang et al. (2021) collected and genotyped Manchu individuals in Xinbin County, eastern Liaoning Province, but in this study, we collected and genotyped the Manchu samples from Jinzhou city in central-west Liaoning Province. Since Manchu has a large population in Liaoning Province, it is better to genotype more samples to infer the possible genetic substructure within Manchu. In addition, Jinzhou is located east of the Liaodong Corridor, which has historically connected most of the land transport between north China and northeast China. The ethnic memory of native Manchus in Beizhen, Jinzhou, recorded their homeland as Changbai Mountain (Supplementary Figure S1). Antu County is an ethnic Korean autonomous region at the foot of the Changbai Mountains. We sampled these two places in the hope of providing more detailed information on migration and admixture events of ethnic minorities in northeast China.
Pinealectomy and melatonin administration in rats: their effects on pulmonary edema induced by α-naphthylthiourea
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Mohammed Raed Abdullah Al Gburi, Eyup Altinoz, Hulya Elbe, Melike Ozgul Onal, Umit Yilmaz, Nesibe Yilmaz, Melike Karayakali, Mehmet Demir
In the ANTU model, when the amount of fluid in the interstitial lung space rises above its capacity, there will be drainage of lung interstitial fluid into the pleural space through the visceral pleura. After i.p. ANTU administration to rats, pulmonary edema and PE develop, which reach their maximum level within 4 h. The resulting edema either disappears completely within 24–48 h or the condition worsens, causing the death of the rat (Cunningham and Hurley 1972). In our study, over a 4-h period, severe acute lung injury occurred in all rats injected with 10 mg/kg dose i.p of ANTU. In this injury, PE formation, LW/BW and PE/BW ratios increase detected. In two different studies investigating the effects of dexmedetomidine (Hancı et al. 2012) and endothelin receptor antagonist Tezosentan on lung damage caused by ANTU in rats, the fluid accumulation and weight values in the lungs of the rats in the ANTU groups were found to be higher than in the control and treatment groups (Atalay et al. 2012). In studies investigating the curative effects of exogenous sulfur dioxide (Huang et al. 2009) and the counter-effect of methylprednisolone on lung injury in rats, an increase in LW/BW ratios was detected (You et al. 2014). In our study, the fluid accumulation and weight values in the lungs of rats in the ANTU and ANTU + PINX groups were significantly higher than the control groups and all MLT treatment groups. There were also significant decreases in fluid accumulation and weight values in the lungs of the rats in the MLT group injected with MLT compared to the ANTU group. In a study in which the same dose of MLT (10 mg/kg i.p.) was administered daily to mice, it was revealed that MLT significantly reduced body weight loss, mortality, lung infiltration with polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and edema formation (Genovese et al. 2005). In our study, the picture of the disease was worse in rats given ANTU and pinealectomy. However, it was determined that effusion, pulmonary edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration developed less in the groups which given MLT.
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