Atomic Particles, Isotopes, and Ions
Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk in Survival Guide to General Chemistry, 2019
Example: Write the complete symbol for the antimony ion with 70 neutrons and 48 electrons; use the periodic table as necessary. The element antimony has the symbol = Sb (from the Latin: stibium)The periodic table indicates that Sb has an atomic number (Z) = 51; the # of protons = 51Mass number (A) = # of nucleons = 51 protons + 70 neutrons = 121The # of electrons = 48; the # of protons = 51; the atom is not neutral# of positive charges (# of p+) = 51 (+)# of negative charges (# of e−) = 48 (−) total charge difference = 51 (+) plus 48 (−) = 3(+)
Water and foodborne contamination *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
The Codex AlimentariusCommission, established by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, established standards for six heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, methylmercury, and tin) to ensure food safety (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1995). The adverse health effects caused by exposure to heavy metals vary by the specific element and whether the exposure is acute or chronic. For example, acute arsenic, lead, and tin exposure can cause nausea, abdominal pain, confusion, headaches, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting, seizures, comas, and/or death. Chronic lead exposure impacts cognitive and behavioral functions, and chronic arsenic or antimony exposure increases risks of heart disease, cancer, strokes, and death.
Antimonial Agents
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
The exact chemical structure and composition of the clinical formulations is yet to be fully elucidated. Antimony (Sb, from Latin stibium) is complexed with the sugar N-methyl-D-glucamine in MGA and with D-gluconic acid in SSG with proposed structures as shown in Figure 198.1 (Frezard et al., 2009). In solution, these are thought to exist as a mixture of oligomeric complexes with a predominance of zwitterionic species and the general formula (Sb-ligand)n-ligand or (Sb-ligand)n giving a range of molecular weight from 100–4000 Da (Berman and Grogl, 1988; Frezard et al., 2009).
Sodium stibogluconate loaded nano-deformable liposomes for topical treatment of leishmaniasis: macrophage as a target cell
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
M. Junaid Dar, Fakhar Ud Din, Gul Majid Khan
In vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed to establish whether the drug concentration used on amastigotes was toxic to the macrophages itself or not. It was expected that nano-formulations would be more biocompatible because drug entrapment inside the vesicles would minimize the direct exposure of SSG to the normal cells. However, the assay revealed that the CC50 values for SSG and SSG-NDLs were 1.65 and 1.3 mg/ml, respectively. The comparison of CC50 values indicated that there was 21.2% reduction in CC50 of SSG-NDLs in comparison to free SSG as shown in Figure 3(a). Generally, the active form of antimony (Sb-III) is toxic to the body and therefore the antimonial preparations come in the form of Sb-V, complexed in the form of sodium stibogluconate and meglumine. Once inside the macrophages, Sb-V complexes are reduced to Sb-III and act against amastigotes which may produce cytotoxic effects (Borborema et al., 2011). This reduction in CC50 value verified our claim of higher cellular uptake of SSG-NDLs in comparison to plain SSG and might be the possible reason for this reduction.
Safety profile of meglumine antimoniate intralesional infiltration for cutaneous leishmaniasis
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Herbert J. Fernandes, Rosiana E. da Silva, Dario B. Ramalho, Marta G. Aguiar, Josiane N. Silveira, Gláucia Cota
To our knowledge, this study is the largest prospectively performed analysis to date to assess the safety profile of the MA-IL approach in the Americas. Using an active and comprehensive strategy, we observed that 86.9% of the patients presented at least one clinical AE during follow-up. Despite this high rate, most AEs (84.9%) were related to the lesion site and were of typically mild to moderate intensity. Only two intense (grade 3) events occurred, both considered hypersensitivity reactions and led to early discontinuation of treatment. Systemic adverse events were reported in 50% of the patients, and the three most frequent were myalgia, arthralgia and headache. No serious adverse events were reported. Electrocardiographic alteration of QTc prolongation and elevation of liver or pancreatic enzymes were observed in 25% and 22% of the treated patients, respectively. Although no association with plasma antimony levels was observed, these laboratorial abnormalities suggest the systemic absorption of antimony via the intralesional route and its potential risk to cause hepatic, pancreatic and cardiac toxicity.
Effect of zeolite on absorption and distribution of heavy metal concentrations in roots and shoots of wheat under soil contaminated with weapons
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ali Azogh, Seyed Keyvan Marashi, Teimour Babaeinejad
Antimony is often in the form of Sb(III) or Sb(V). In oxide conditions, the antimony in the soil solution is often Sb(V), which can be stabilized by soil particles, such as phosphate and arsenate anions. Antimony is a toxic and unnecessary element for plants, but can be easily absorbed by the plant (Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska et al.2012). It has been stated that the toxic effect of heavy metals on plants is related to the transplantation of some of these cations into sulfhydryl groups of proteins, which leads to a change in structure and disturbance in their mechanism (Chibuike and Obiora 2014). It has been reported the antimony cause, stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach ulcers (Cooper and Harrison 2009).