Antimonial Agents
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Antimony, in the form of tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate), was used until the late nineteenth century to treat fevers, pneumonia, and inflammatory conditions before being abandoned owing to toxicity (Duffin and Campling, 2002). Antimonials were reintroduced, in a pentavalent form, in the early twentieth century to treat parasitic infections. Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) and meglumine antimoniate (MGA) are pentavalent antimonial (Sb5+) derivatives of phenylstibonic acid. Pentavalent antimonials have been first-line treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) since the early twentieth century and remain in widespread use in endemic regions. Emerging resistance and the availability of less toxic, although much more costly, alternatives is now limiting the use of antimonials in some locations and in higher income countries.
Metallic poisons *
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach in Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Antimony is used in alloys, type metal, foil, batteries, ceramics, textiles, safety matches, ant paste, and a number of chemicals, including tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate). Acid treatment of metals containing antimony releases the colorless gas stibine (SbH3).
Modern Pharmacognostic Investigation of Harmal
Ephraim Shmaya Lansky, Shifra Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen in Harmal, 2017
Potassium antimonyl tartrate [Sb (III)], the trivalent antimonial historic standard drug against leishmaniasis (Figure 7.6). Antimony potassium tartrate, or tartar emetic, is known from ancient times. These days, newer pentavalent antimonial compounds are favored (Figure 7.7).
Did poisoning play a role in Napoleon’s death? A systematic review
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Daniela Marchetti, Francesca Cittadini, Nadia De Giovanni
Finally, “the heart and the stomach were placed in separate silver containers in the coffin, but the portion of small intestine that Antommarchi may have given later that year to O’Meara in London and was destroyed in the Royal College of Surgeons’ Museum by a bomb in 1941” [10].c.Table 1 shows that retrospective diagnosis of Napoleon’s death did not appear in the medical literature until the 1960s. Six such articles with overlapping authorship appeared between 1961 and 1982 [4,6,7,9,29,30]. These used the analytical techniques (thermal neutron activation) of the era in studying Napoleon’s hairs. Four papers [4,7,29,30] suggested chronic As exposure. For Smith, As distribution showed that “Napoleon was exposed to arsenic intermittently” [29]. To this regard, a 13 centimetres (cm) long hair had As concentration in the “usual average for the hair” in the proximal and distal four cm, while in the middle five cm of length, As content was larger than normal; no quantitative data were reported. Further, two studies [4,30] suggested that gastric bleeding was due to ulceration caused by calomel (mercury chloride) intake. One paper reviewed clinical, autopsy, and previous toxicological results and concluded that he had exposure to As and several medications, and that he died of gastric cancer [6]. One found higher concentrations of antimony (Sb) explained by tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate) [9].
Compound glycyrrhiza oral solution alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating SRC/MAPK pathway in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Xiaolin Xu, Mulan Huang, Xiaofeng Duan, Hongyu Liu, Wei Zhang, Dan Li
Thirty-seven rats were utilized for the establishment of the COPD model, among which the COPD model was successfully induced in 34 rats (modeling success rate of 91.89%). COPD rats were randomly arranged into 4 groups (8 rats per group): a COPD group, a COPD + CGOS group, a COPD + CGOS + lentivirus vector (LV)-negative control (NC) group, and a COPD + CGOS + LV-SRC group. The composition of CGOS included extractum glycyrrhiza liquidum, glycerinum, antimony potassium tartrate, concentrated ammonia solution, paregoric, and ethanol, among which extractum glycyrrhiza liquidum mainly contained glycyrrhizin.
Radiopaque rodenticide
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Maryam Haghighi-Morad, Nasim Zamani, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
In cases of zinc phosphide toxicity, radiography is also a possible tool for prediction of progressive symptoms [5]. It has high negative predictive value (97%) but a low positive predictive value (47%) for serious medical outcomes after zinc phosphide ingestion [5]. After a positive abdominal radiograph, follow-up radiography and improvement in symptoms could guide discharge. Antimony potassium tartrate, an emetic often present in zinc phosphide rodenticides, likely causes the early nausea and vomiting and may contribute to the radiopacity.
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