Autoimmune Disease
Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra in Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Individuals diagnosed with AD are prescribed a plethora of potent anti-inflammatory medications such as steroids to suppress the immune system (Houghton, 2021). Medications used to suppress the immune system can help reduce symptoms and progression of ADs, but they come with the increased risk of developing infections that can be life-threatening due to immunosuppression. Certain foods have a natural anti-inflammatory effect on the body. A diet that consists of whole plant foods, fruits, and nuts may reduce autoimmune symptoms. Whole plant foods contain phytonutrients and natural antioxidants that have anti-inflammatory effects on the body. Plants are high in fiber, absent of additives, and naturally anti-inflammatory (Alwarith et al., 2019). Flavoring foods with seasoning that includes turmeric and ginger can also decrease inflammation. Adequate intake of vitamin D and omega-3 may reduce the risk of AD. A variety of macronutrients and micronutrients, among other vitamins and minerals, have anti-inflammatory effects related to AD activity. Nutritional management of AD utilizing such food items decreases inflammatory activity, increases antioxidant levels, and positively affects gastrointestinal microbiota, all of which contribute to the immunological pathways that preserve homeostasis (Tsigalou et al., 2020). A variety of macronutrients and micronutrients, among other vitamins and minerals, have anti-inflammatory effects related to AD activity and are described next.
Monoterpenes Modulating IL-10
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Phytomedicine, 2020
Inflammation is a protective measure taken by the organism to eliminate the injurious stimuli; however, the use of anti-inflammatory substances can be an effective tool in the therapeutic treatment of the diseases. Research focusing on innovative therapeutic agents obtained from natural sources is increasingly growing (Carbone et al. 2018). Among them, essential oils, which mainly contain monoterpenes, are being widely used to prevent and treat human disease (Pereira et al. 2018; Severino et al. 2015). Also, as a potential source for production of cytokine inhibitors (de Lima et al. 2011; de Oliveira et al. 2011; Nonato et al. 2011). In this present review, we discussed about 19 research articles that reported the interaction between the monterpenes and IL-10. All the reports indicated that the monoterpene compounds from the plants and plant products significantly increase the production of IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine by various mechanisms (Table 16.1).
Lifestyle factors
Jane Hanley, Mark Williams in Fathers and Perinatal Mental Health, 2019
The immune system is activated when a foreign object enters the body. In the case of nutrients this can be an invading microbe, plant pollen or a chemical. This triggers an immune response which is termed inflammation; this is programmed to protect the body, as in any inflammatory response. There are anti-inflammatory foods, which it is claimed are able to reduce the risk of illness, whilst an over excess of the wrong foods, could accelerate the inflammatory disease process (Hu 2018). It has been suggested that limiting or avoiding certain foods can decrease the inflammation. These include refined carbohydrates which are found in white bread and pastries, fried foods, red and processed meats—for example burgers and sausages—margarine and sugary drinks. These foods are also linked with depressive symptoms. The foods which are anti-inflammatory include the Mediterranean foods of olive oil, tomatoes, fish, salads and nuts (Hu 2018).
Preparation and in vitro–in vivo evaluation of QbD based acemetacin loaded transdermal patch formulations for rheumatic diseases
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Ece Özcan Bülbül, Hasan Ali Husseın, Gizem Yeğen, Mehmet Evren Okur, Neslihan Üstündağ Okur, Neşe Buket Aksu
Acemetacin is an anti-inflammatory and non-steroidal drug (NSAID) used for rheumatic diseases. The daily dosage of acemetacin is 120 mg p.o. (can be increased to 180 mg) and plasma half-life of 1–2 h. The most common adverse effects are peptic ulceration or gastrointestinal bleeding (Chandrasekharan 2007). Orally administered anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs also cause side effects like vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, heartburn, and headache (Amodwala et al. 2017). The most frequent indications are chronic articular rheumatism, psoriatic arthritis, and acute inflammatory events in degenerative arthropathies. Nowadays, capsule (extended-release, delayed-release, and coated) dosage form is available. However, a transdermal system can help overcome the adverse effects (Li et al. 2005). By preparing the transdermal system of acetametacin, it is aimed at circulating at a certain speed and delivering the drug through the skin in a controlled manner. In addition, TDDS was preferred over the oral route because it has advantages, including increased patient compliance and avoidance of first-pass metabolism (Sabbagh and Kim 2022).
Discovery of polymethoxyflavones as potential cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitors
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Muhd Hanis Md Idris, Siti Norhidayah Mohd Amin, Siti Norhidayu Mohd Amin, Agustono Wibowo, Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria, Zurina Shaameri, Ahmad Sazali Hamzah, Manikandan Selvaraj, Lay Kek Teh, Mohd Zaki Salleh
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and COX-2 inhibitors are the most widely used drug for reducing inflammation and pain. The drugs inhibit COX and stop arachidonic acid from transforming into prostaglandins, thromboxane, and prostacyclin. The traditional nonselective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naproxen are capable of inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms [5]. Nevertheless, adverse gastrointestinal events such as gastric mucosal damage and gastroduodenal ulcers have been reported due to the use of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. More selective COX-2 inhibitors were developed to minimize the side effects but chronic use of some of these inhibitors still cause cardiovascular adverse effects and increase thrombotic risk due to blockage of prostaglandin I2 [6]. In addition, PDE4 inhibitors that are used for treating inflammation have been discontinued due to side effects such as emesis, mild to moderate nausea, headache, and diarrhea [7]. The only 5-LOX inhibiting drug, known as zileuton, was also withdrawn from the market due to its hepatotoxicity adverse effect [8].
Boswellia serrata extract shows cognitive benefits in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial in individuals who suffered traumatic brain injury
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Shakila Meshkat, Somayeh Mahmoodi Baram, Shima Rajaei, Fatemeh Mohammadian, Emad Kouhestani, Nasibeh Amirzargar, Abbas Tafakhori, Sajad Shafiee, Melika Meshkat, Laurent Balenci, Alex Kiss, Ali Riazi, Amir Salimi, Vajiheh Aghamollaii, Farzaneh Salmani, Saeed Karima
Many anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs) are commercially available and used to curb inflammation and reduce pain. If taken at high doses and for a long time, NSAIDs may induce side effects. Botanical medicines have gained traction in the research and clinical communities as effective agents with better safety profiles. Boswellia resin extracts and its active compounds such as Boswellic acids (BAs) and other triterpenoids have shown significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in cerebrovascular diseases, brain edema, stroke, osteoarthritis and asthma (17–20). Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory activities of BAs are mediated by the direct inhibition of both 5-LOX and IκB kinase (IKK), which leads to the inhibition of NF-κB pathway and reduction of inflammatory molecules (21–23). BAs also showed neuroprotective properties and improvement of cognitive function (24,25). Based on these findings, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial to determine the safety and efficacy of a proprietary extract of Boswellia serrata (1,200 mg/day) on cognitive function of individuals who suffered from TBI.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Central Nervous System
- Cyclooxygenase
- Edema
- Inflammation
- Prostaglandin
- Aspirin
- Drug
- Analgesic
- Opioid
- NONsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug