Gastric Infections
John F. Pohl, Christopher Jolley, Daniel Gelfond in Pediatric Gastroenterology, 2014
The goals of pharmacotherapy are complete eradication of the micro-organism, prevention of complications, and morbidity reduction. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved several antibiotics regimens, which are now accepted internationally. These regimens are known as ‘triple therapies’, are used worldwide and have reported cure rates of 85–90%. A typical triple therapy is composed of high-dose PPI with two antibiotics for a duration of 2 weeks, followed by an extended period of acid suppression. The antibiotic choice may involve amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, and levofloxacin. A number of factors, such as duration of treatment, choice of antibiotics, new drug combinations, and improved patient compliance, may help to improve the eradication rates.
Pulmonary complications of bone-marrow and stem-cell transplantation
Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow in Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
When HSCT recipients present with pulmonary infiltrates and signs of infection, most clinicians initiate empiric antibacterial therapy, adding antifungal treatment if risk factors are present and there is no response to initial treatment.13 The initial antibiotic therapy in HSCT recipients with neutropenia can be monotherapy with third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins or carbapenem. Combination antibiotic therapy usually includes an aminoglycoside and antipseudomonal penicillin or anti-pseudomonal cephalosporin or carbapenem. Since quinolones are widely used for prophylaxis in neutropenia, they are not recommended for empirical treatment of suspected infection.14 For patients at high risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection (MRSI), the initial empirical antibiotic treatment should include vancomycin. If the patient remains septic after 5 days of antibacterial therapy and no cause is identified, empirical antifungal therapy should be added.13 Cultures of blood and respiratory secretions should be obtained. In the appropriate clinical setting, antigen and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for Aspergillus and CMV may be helpful.
Infection and sexual health
David M. Luesley, Mark D. Kilby in Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2016
Antibiotic treatment is recommended for symptomatic women [A], women undergoing surgical procedures [A] and some pregnant women [A]. Studies support screening and treating BV with either metronidazole or clindamycin cream, to reduce the incidence of endometritis and PID post abortion. Using the oral route of administration, recommended regimens for treating BV include metronidazole 400–500 mg twice daily for 5–7 days [A] or metronidazole 2 g as a single dose [A]. An alternative approach is to use the vaginal route, with intravaginal metronidazole gel (0.75 percent) once daily for five days [A] or intravaginal clindamycin cream (2 percent) once daily for seven days [A]. All these treatments have been shown to achieve cure rates of 70–80 percent after four weeks in controlled trials using placebo or comparing with oral metronidazole.
Development over time in point-of-care test use in Danish daytime and out-of-hours general practice: a register-based study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 2023
Niels Kjær, Malene Plejdrup Hansen, Henrik Schou Pedersen, Morten Bondo Christensen, Linda Huibers
Infections are a common cause of serious illness worldwide [1,2]. A substantial part of contacts with general practice concerns symptoms related to infections, in particular outside office hours [3–5]. In case of a bacterial infection, antibiotic treatment can be indicated. Antibiotic prescribing patterns vary significantly [6–9], and excessive use contributes to the increasing problems with antimicrobial resistance [10]. The last decades, several point-of-care tests (POCTs), such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and Rapid streptococcal detection test (RADT), have been introduced to perform on site testing in case of suspected infections. CRP and RADT POCTs aim to support general practitioners (GPs) to identify patients who will benefit from antibiotic treatment [11,12], thereby reducing diagnostic uncertainty and contributing to prudent use of antibiotics [9,11,13–15]. A recent study found that patient age, sociodemographic factors, and comorbidity influence the decision to perform a CRP test in Danish general practice [16].
The effects of some antibiotics from cephalosporin groups on the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes activities in different tissues of rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Fikret Türkan, Zübeyir Huyut, Parham Taslimi, İlhami Gülçin
Antibiotics have been used for the total destruction of particular pathogenic bacteria in immunocompetent animals (Thu et al. 2012). This procedure, defined as elective decontamination, has been more significantly applied to rabbits, mice, rhesus monkeys, guinea pigs, and dogs, may be germfree by decontamination (Talpaert et al. 2011). Cefazolin is the first production of cephalosporin compounds, which is used as a therapy for extensive range of bacterial infections (Sun et al. 2012). They work by hampering the generation of the cell wall and belong to a class of antibiotics determined as bactericidal (Swann et al. 1969). The antibiotic can also be used as a therapy for bacterial infections comprising the urinary tract, respiratory tract, joints, bones, stomach (Tita et al.2009). Cefuroxime is efficient against an extensive variety of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Lang et al. 1990). Cephalosporins slow or stop the growth of bacterial cells by hampering bacteria from generating the cell wall that sieges each cell (Monden et al.1986). Cefoperazone is active against Streptococcus pneumoniae and all beta-hemolytic streptococci and is comparatively inactive against enterococci and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (Chaudhary and Aggarwal 2004).
The war against bacteria, from the past to present and beyond
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Lucrezia Bottalico, Ioannis Alexandros Charitos, Maria Assunta Potenza, Monica Montagnani, Luigi Santacroce
The term ‘antibiotic’ (Greek, αντì = against, and βιωτικό = useful in life) originally refers to substances produced by microorganisms that could inhibit the growth of bacteria, although nowadays any natural or synthetic drug used to fight bacterial infections is often defined as ‘antibiotic’ [1]. Instead, natural substances that kill bacteria but are not produced by microorganisms (such as gastric fluid and hydrogen peroxide) are excluded from the original definition. Several natural antibiotics (as, for example, substances produced by actinomycetes and fungi, soil samples, plants, marine organisms) have been subsequently used as templates for chemical synthesis, with the aim to improve some properties of natural derivatives in the attempt to kill or inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms [2,3]. Many antibiotics are relatively small molecules, with a molecular weight of less than 2,000 Da. Although some antibiotic agents are still produced and isolated from living organisms, such as aminoglycosides, the majority of currently used antibiotics are semi-synthetic derivatives of the original compounds, or molecules synthetically produced, such as quinolones and oxazolidinones [4,5].
Related Knowledge Centers
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