Croton zehntneri: Essential Oils and Inclusion Complex
Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
The complex composition of EOs carries a wide spectrum of possible applications in many fields, for example, in the food, beverage and pharmaceutical industry, in medicine, perfumery, cosmetics, health products, veterinary science, alternative medicine (aromatherapy) and agricultural products. EOs have gained significant interest in the pharmaceutical field (Cook and Lanaras 2016, de Matos et al. 2019). Edris (2007) reviewed the literature on the use of EOs in therapies and listed studies on various pharmacological applications, such as chemotherapy, in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, as an antidiabetic and many others. EOs have many bioactive compounds that, in addition to their fragrance and flavor, also have a wide range of biological activities and properties. For example, they are antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, insecticide, insect repellent, acaricide, larvicide, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antibiotic, anticarcinogen, analgesic and local anesthetic (Edris 2007, Bakkali et al. 2008).
A critical look at orthodox medical approaches
Geraldine Lee-Treweek, Tom Heller, Hilary MacQueen, Julie Stone, Sue Spurr in Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Structures and Safeguards, 2020
The ‘scientific’ approach to ‘conquering’ disease could be characterised as a reductionist task that can be split into a series of logical steps. First, the cause of the disease is identified: for example, the bacillus (or germ) that causes pneumonia. The next step involves understanding how the bacillus works within the host organism, followed by the development of an agent that will eliminate or kill the bacillus. No wonder war-like imagery has developed alongside orthodox medicine to describe its ‘advances’ and ‘victories’. Many categories of medication have adopted a nomenclature that seems to illustrate this combative feature that is inherent in many modern pharmaceutical products. For example, the British National Formulary (2004), which lists all medical products licensed for use on humans, has many entries with ‘anti-’ in their title: anti-acne, anti-allergy, anti-androgen, anti-anginal, anti-arrythmic, anti-asthma, etc.
Phytochemical and Bioactive Potential of Melastoma malabathricum: an Important Medicinal Herb
V. R. Mohan, A. Doss, P. S. Tresina in Ethnomedicinal Plants with Therapeutic Properties, 2019
Anti-inflammatory effect refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system to block pain signaling to the brain. Many bioactive compounds showed anti-inflammatory activities on albino rat. In the present study, M. malabathricum leaf was extracted with ethanol and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in rats using a carrageenan-induced paw edema method. Ethanol extract exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity of 500 mg/kg at 3 h after administration. The study was compared with standard drug indomethacin (100 mg/kg). In the present study, it is observed that pharmacological activity provides scientific validation of ethnomedicinal uses of this plant in treating acute inflammation (Balamurugan et al., 2012b).
The effective constituent puerarin, from Pueraria lobata, inhibits the proliferation and inflammation of vascular smooth muscle in atherosclerosis through the miR-29b-3p/IGF1 pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Jianpeng Li, Yanan Li, Xiangke Yuan, Dengfeng Yao, Zongyue Gao, Zhaoyang Niu, Zheng Wang, Yue Zhang
The main anti-AS drugs used in clinical practice are hypolipidemic drugs, antiplatelet agglutinating drugs, antioxidants, etc. (Zarate et al. 2016; Chistiakov et al. 2018). However, these drugs have varying degrees of limitations, for example, studies have found that although lipid-lowering drugs can reduce low-density cholesterol levels, there is still a high incidence of cardiovascular disease, and lipid-lowering drugs have a certain degree of damage to liver function, while antiplatelet drugs tend to cause bleeding (Vaidyanathan and Gopalakrishnan 2017; Gao et al. 2020). Recently, studies have found that some active constituents contained in many traditional Chinese medicines have a good prevention and treatment effect on AS (Wang et al. 2018). Therefore, it is important to determine the key constituents of traditional Chinese medicine for the therapy of AS and to seek the possible molecular mechanisms of the therapeutic effects.
Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of histone acetylation in the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Tejas P. Joshi, Morgan A. Farr, Daniel J. Lewis
In vitro experiments and in vivo mice studies have shown that HDAC inhibition halts cSCC pathogenesis, lending further support to the notion that HDAC inhibitors may have a seminal application in cSCC management. In the study by Zhang et al., ginsenoside 20(R)-Rg3, an anti-tumor monomer extracted from ginseng, was successfully employed to inhibit HDAC3 and thereby inhibit cSCC epithelial mesenchymal transition [7]. Vorinostat, an FDA-approved HDAC inhibitor for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, was also noted to blunt growth of human xenograft epidermoid cSCCs in highly immunosuppressed mice [8]. Moreover, Saunders et al. demonstrated that HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) induces irreversible growth arrest in SCC cells. This growth arrest was accompanied by a reduction in mRNA levels for proliferation gene cdk1 and induction of mRNA for the differentiation gene transglutaminase type I (TG1) [2]. The anti- proliferative potential of HDAC inhibitors is further supported by a study by Kalin et al., which showed that the HDAC inhibitor MS-275 significantly reduces cSCC tumor burden in mice. Even more compelling is that the investigators showed that SKH-1 arrests proliferation of patient derived cSCC lines. Furthermore, SKH-1 potently inhibited proliferation of cSCC cells harvested from a regional metastasis in a patient with renal disease, indicating that HDAC inhibitors may not only represent effective local therapies but may also be useful in management of aggressive metastatic disease [9].
Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction
Published in Substance Abuse, 2021
Holly N. Hagle, Marlene Martin, Rachel Winograd, Jessica Merlin, Deborah S. Finnell, Jeffrey P. Bratberg, Adam J. Gordon, Cheyenne Johnson, Sharon Levy, Doreen MacLane-Baeder, Rebecca Northup, Zoe Weinstein, Paula J. Lum
We all possess conscious and unconscious attitudes and stereotypes about race that can directly harm our patients and colleagues. When we are unaware of these racial biases and sit in positions of power, this further embeds racism into our institutions and systems. Anti-Racism refers to a set of strategies, theories, actions, and practices that challenge and counter racism, inequalities, prejudices, and discrimination based on race.52 It is critical we practice anti-racism in our daily lives through reading and training, adoption of culturally informed treatment approaches, reexamination and sharing what is or isn’t appropriate data by race/ethnicity and social determinants of health.53 For example, many medical decisions are guided by diagnostic algorithms and practice guidelines that include adjustments for race or ethnicity. These diagnostic algorithms may propagate race-based medicine by directing resources toward Whites.54 That said, our responsibility does not end with our own internal work and clinical practice. We must strive on a larger scale to end the institutional and structural racism that permeates the day-to-day experience of all persons who use drugs.
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