Nutrition for health and sports performance
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
An ionic bond is formed between two atoms when one of the atoms donates an electron to another, thus completing the outer shell of electrons for each and creating a stable chemical product. An example of this can be found in Figure 2.3 where chlorine (Cl) accepts one electron from sodium (Na). By doing this Cl becomes a negatively charged chloride ion (Cl−) as it has more electrons than protons and Na becomes a positively charged sodium ion (Na+) because it has one electron fewer. Atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged are called cations (to remember this think of the t as + and positive) and those that accept electrons and become negatively charged ions are called anions (think of the n as n egative). The resultant compound for this example is sodium chloride (NaCl) or table salt. It is this compound in our sweat that gives sweat a salty taste.
The patient with acute cardiovascular problems
Peate Ian, Dutton Helen in Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Electrolytes (salts) are substances that, when in solution, conduct an electrical current. This is because when dissolved, they separate into ions. Ions carry an electrical charge that may be either positive (cations) or negative (anions). Plasma contains extracellular electrolytes, the levels of which are carefully balanced relative to the levels in intracellular fluids. If this balance is upset, it causes major disruption to virtually all body functions. The small electrical currents generated by ions are vital for muscle contraction and nerve function. For example, low levels of potassium can result in cardiac arrhythmias and ectopic beats as the myocardium becomes more irritable. Plasma is always electrically neutral, in other words, the number of positive charges exactly balances the number of negative ones. Table 6.2 shows the common cations and anions in the body.
ENTRIES A–Z
Philip Winn in Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
A molecule or ATOM that is electrically charged, having either gained or lost electrons. A CATION has a positive charge, an ANION has a negative charge. In solution many substances break down into their component parts: common salt—sodium chloride (NaCl)—for example breaks down in water into positively charged sodium ions (Na+) and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl ). The relative balance of positively and negatively charged ions on either side of a neuronal MEMBRANE determines the RESTING POTENTIAL of a NEURON. The movement of ions across the membrane is critical for ACTION POTENTIAL generation. Movement of ions across a membrane can be a RECEPTOR-mediated process, occurring via the receptor-regulated ION CHANNEL system, or a process mediated by specialized transport mechanisms such as the SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP and the CALCIUM PUMP.
A proposed explanation for thunderstorm asthma and leukemia risk near high-voltage power lines: a supported hypothesis
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2018
HVPL often have a corona, identified easily in humid weather by crackling, hissing and humming sounds. It is not uniformly generated, but produced most often around insulators and spacers (Jayaratne et al., 2011). The process generating the corona around HVPL has been clearly described (Fews et al., 1999). Briefly, air particles near the lines become ionized due to high voltage gradients; this means the air is no longer in a normal balanced electrical state, but electrically charged. The charged air particles are referred to as ions. Once this process has begun, a cascade effect occurs, generating a cloud of air ions. As the ions have a negative or positive charge, they are primed to either claim a proton or electron to restore an electrically balanced neutrality. They may reattach to the lines or may escape and attach to other particles in the air, which then become electrostatically charged. Air ionization and its polarity is reported to be strongly affected by climatic conditions, with negative ionization downwind of HVPL being more common in wet, humid or foggy weather, while positive ionization is typical in fine conditions (Chalmers, 1952). The reason for this is not apparent. A negative DC field has been recorded up to 5 km downwind of 132 kV HVPL in misty conditions (Chalmers, 1952).
Design and optimization of cranberry extract loaded bile salt augmented liposomes for targeting of MCP-1/STAT3/VEGF signaling pathway in DMN-intoxicated liver in rats
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Sara M. Soliman, Shaimaa Mosallam, Mohamed A. Mamdouh, Mohammed Abdalla Hussein, Shady M. Abd El-Halim
As demonstrated in (Table 3), the fabricated CBE loaded BSALs exhibited negative ZP values that ranged from −6.93 ± 0.67 to −32.43 ± 0.91 mV. The negative charge is probably imparted by the phospholipid (Subongkot et al., 2014) and the anionic nature of SGC (Mosallam et al., 2021b). ANOVA analysis revealed that all three independent variables (X1, X2, and X3) had a significant influence on ZP, (p < .0001 for X1 and X2 and P = 0.0028 for X3). Regarding phospholipid type (X1), BSALs prepared using Epikuron 100 manifested higher ZP values than those prepared using Epikuron 200. This might be explained by the larger VS obtained by Epikuron 200, which resulted in a reduction of the surface area carrying charge (El Kayal et al., 2020).
Visualizing phosphatidylcholine via mass spectrometry imaging: relevance to human health
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2018
Jenny Leopold, Yulia Popkova, Kathrin M. Engel, Jürgen Schiller
When the pulsed laser beam hits the sample (co-crystals between matrix and analyte), its energy is absorbed by the matrix that is present in excess over the analyte. Consequently, the matrix is vaporized, carrying intact analyte molecules into the vapor phase. During the expanding process of this gas cloud, ions (e.g. H+ and Na+) are exchanged between the matrix and the analyte, leading to the formation of charged analyte molecules (‘adducts’). Since potassium ions are abundant in cells, biological samples often also show K+ adducts [22]. Besides cation generation, anions can also be generated by abstracting H+ or Na+ from the analyte. The ratio between the cation and the anion yield is determined by the (gas phase) acidities of the analyte and the matrix. Fundamental aspects of the ion formation process were recently comprehensively reviewed [23]. Using MALDI MS singly charged ions are primarily generated, which makes the interpretation of these mass spectra very simple and is therefore a big advantage of MALDI-TOF MS compared to ESI MS [24]. The other benefit of MALDI-TOF MS is the higher tolerance toward impurities (such as salts) which is even more important if a purification of the sample prior to MS characterization is not possible. Therefore, MALDI-TOF MS is the method of choice to analyze crude (lipid) mixtures and can also be used for MS imaging (MSI) experiments.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Atom
- Ionization
- Molecule
- Oxygen
- Solvation
- Salt
- Dissociation
- Dianion
- Zwitterion
- Adenosine Triphosphate