Manufacture of Glycerine from Natural Fats and Oils
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
An attractive alternative to simple acidulation involves batch treatment of soap-lye or transesterification glycerine solutions with a cation-exchange resin. The resin acidulates the soaps, allowing them to separate as fatty acids just as in normal acidulation, but also removes the sodium or potassium ions by cation exchange to yield a very low salt level in the glycerine product. The resin is recovered and regenerated with mineral acid for reuse. The advantage of this operation over normal ion-exchange treatment of acidulated crudes is that the demineralization is accomplished without use of an anion resin. Process equipment for this type of treatment is described in the literature for ion-exchange installations [11,12].
Distribution
Paul Pumpens in Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Further improvement of the RNA phage monitoring was succeeded by the introduction of a novel concentration technique for their enumeration from 10-liter volumes of ambient surface waters such as lake, river, and marine and river water with varying turbidities (McMinn et al. 2017b). An anion-exchange resin was employed for the FRNA phage concentration in diverse water types (Chandler et al. 2017a). Application of the anion-exchange resin was elucidated before with the phages MS2, Qβ, and GA as models (Pérez-Méndez et al. 2014). An extensive review of the concentration techniques was published recently by Dincau et al. (2017).
Separation Of The Bound And Unbound Forms Of The Radioactivity
Erwin Regoeczi in Iodine-Labeled Plasma Proteins, 2019
A detailed discussion of the reasons of anion-exchange resin selectivity is beyond the scope of this book. It is enough to note here that several factors seem to be involved apart from electrostatic forces. One of these is the polarizability of the anion in the field of the resin cation.12 Chu et al.13 emphasize the importance of ion solvation; according to them, there is a tendency of large univalent ions to be forced out of a dilute solution and into the resin phase because of their small degree of hydration and considerable water-structure- breaking character.
Mercury(II) decontamination using a newly synthesized poly(acrylonitrile-acrylic acid)/ammonium molybdophosphate composite exchanger
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Adel A. El-Zahhar, Abubakr M. Idris
Certain ion exchange materials were studied for metal ion removal from aqueous solutions. In particular, organic ion exchangers feature high capacity, chemically stability leading to ease of regeneration, whereas inorganic exchange materials feature thermal stability and low swelling. Composite or hybrid materials (organic and inorganic compounds) gather the potential of both organic and inorganic exchangers for metal ion removal (Bushra et al. 2012). Exceptionally, polymeric composites characterize a further collection of advantages such as the inclusion of specific functional groups, for example, –H, –NH2, –CONH2, and –COOH, which significantly improve metal ion removal efficiency. Polymeric composites also characterize granular properties that facilitate the separation of adsorbents from solutions. Moreover, polymeric composites demonstrate high adsorption capacity, allowing for feasible regeneration and reusability (Baimenov et al.2020).
Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of a clonidine hydrochloride drug–resin suspension as a sustained-release formulation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Hongfei Liu, Xiaoya Xie, Chao Chen, Caleb Kesse Firempong, Yingshu Feng, Limin Zhao, Xuezhi Yin
Ion exchange resin is an insoluble ionic material which consists of a structural part (composed of the polymer matrix usually cross-linked by styrene and divinylbenzene) and a functional part (ionic active group). The resins can be categorized into cation and anion exchange resins because they contain groups with either positive or negative charges [8]. With its high ion exchange capacity, good absorption, physical and chemical stability, and insolubility in any solvent, as well as other excellent properties, it has become an ideal choice for taste masking and control drug release, especially for the slow and controlled release system in liquid form [9,10]. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used to separate and purify biomolecules (proteins, nucleotides, and amino acids) while in tablet formulation, it can be used as a disintegrating agent due to its expansibility [11]. The ion exchange resin can also be used as the active component of drugs [12,13], such as cholestyramine for cholesterol reduction, sodium polystyrene sulfonate for potassium reduction, and sevelamer for treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic renal failure. Few studies have been conducted on the application of ion exchange resins in antihypertensive drugs.
Suitability of transiently expressed antibodies for clinical studies: product quality consistency at different production scales
Published in mAbs, 2022
Sara Rodriguez-Conde, Sophie Inman, Viv Lindo, Leanne Amery, Alison Tang, Uche Okorji-Obike, Wenjuan Du, Berend-Jan Bosch, Paul J. Wichgers Schreur, Jeroen Kortekaas, Isabel Sola, Luis Enjuanes, Laura Kerry, Katharina Mahal, Martyn Hulley, Olalekan Daramola
Antibodies in cell culture supernatants were quantified by protein A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an Agilent 1200 HPLC (Agilent Technologies, Cheshire UK) by comparing eluate peak size from each sample with a calibration curve. Larger volumes of cell culture were clarified with a Millistak+ D0HC and X0HC (Millipore, Watford) depth filter train. Clarified material was loaded on a PrismA (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire) Protein A affinity column equilibrated in 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, the columns were washed with 50 mM Tris pH 7.4 followed by 50 mM Tris, 50 mM sodium caprylate pH 9.0 and 50 mM Tris pH 7.4. The proteins were eluted with 25 mM sodium acetate pH 3.6. The Protein A chromatography product was adjusted to pH 2.5 and held for 30 min before being neutralized to pH 7.4. The neutralized product was further purified using a Mustang Q (Pall, Portsmouth) anion exchange membrane chromatography column operated in flow-through mode. The anion exchange product was then buffer exchanged into the proprietary final formulation using tangential flow filtration using a Pellicon XL ultracel membrane (Millipore, Watford).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemical Structure
- Hydroxide
- Montmorillonite
- Polymer
- Ion-Exchange Resin
- Electrolyte
- Gel
- Zeolite
- Ion
- Amphoterism