The Liaison and Collaborative Functions of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
Nancy Khardori in Bench to Bedside, 2018
Over the last 10 years, more robust computer systems have allowed the microbiology laboratory to report the hospital antibiogram on a regular basis. Ideally, it can be reported every six months or even updated monthly with the trailing 12 month data. While this information is by its nature retrospective, it is designed to help the clinician select antibiotics that are most likely going to be effective. Most initial antibiotic selections are presumptive since the need for treatment typically precedes the availability of the cultures and sensitivities by 48-72 hours. One example of this is the use of ampicillin for E. coli urinary tract infections. Most hospitals are reporting 20-30% resistance to ampicillin, so by seeing this on the antibiogram, the clinician would likely select a drug that has a higher chance of success. These results should be reviewed with the infection control team on a biannual basis so emerging resistance trends can be appreciated and managed.
Listeria monocytogenes
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
The current guidelines by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists state that only women with fever of 38.1°C or higher should be simultaneously tested and treated for listeriosis.129 A14-day 6 g/day dose of ampicillin is advised in nonallergic patients.129 While some studies have shown synergism between gentamicin and ampicillin for L. monocytogenes infection control, gentamicin is known to have high toxicity in humans, and is classified as a category D agent for consumption in pregnancy.122,130–132 Trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole is prescribed to patients allergic to the penicillin and related antibiotics; however, heart and neural birth defects have been associated with it's use, particularly in the first trimester of pregnancy.129,133
Surgical infection
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie in Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Ampicillin and amoxicillin are b-lactam penicillins and can be taken orally or may be given parenterally. Both are effective against Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus faecalis and the majority of group D streptococci, but not species of Klebsiella or Pseudomonas. Clavulanic acid has no antibacterial activity itself, but it does inactivate P-lactamases, so can be used in conjunction with amoxicillin. The combination is known as co-amoxiclav and is useful against P-lactamase producing bacteria that are resistant to amoxicillin on its own. These include resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Bacteroides and Klebsiella.
Chronic exposure to ampicillin alters lung microbial composition in laboratory rat
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2023
Ping Chen, Tingting Hu, Haonan Jiang, Bing Li, Guiying Li, Pixin Ran, Yumin Zhou
Disturbance of the microbial diversity and stability has been shown to correlate with immunologic, diverse metabolic, and inflammatory disorders.12 Antibiotic exposure can alter the microbiota and is linked to the development and progression of disease. Most of the microbiome studies have focused on the gut microbiome and have examined the effects of various antibiotics on gut microbiota,13–16 yet lung microbiome study is still in its infancy and facing a series of critical challenges.17 Aerosolization and nasal sprays are efficient and noninvasive methods to deliver molecules such as antibiotics to the specific body sites.18 In humans, inhaled antibiotics have been used to treat critical lung infections,19 and nasal spray antibiotics have been reported to prevent acute otitis caused by Streptococcus salivarius in children.20 And therefore they represent a strategy to locally and efficiently modify the lung microbiota that could limit the exposure of other organs in the body. Ampicillin is the common clinical antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Indications include respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonellosis, and endocarditis. It can also be used to prevent group B streptococcal infection in newborns.
Clinical evaluation of intravenous ampicillin as empirical antimicrobial treatment of acute epiglottitis
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2018
Ann Marlene Gram Kjaerulff, Maria Rusan, Tejs Ehlers Klug
The current study has several limitations. The number of patients in our cohort is limited by the rarity of AE and the single-institution study design. Culture and identification of bacteria were performed as part of the routine diagnostic procedures and additional bacteria may have been recovered in a more intensive diagnostic set up. The evaluation of ampicillin vs other antibiotics for the treatment of acute epiglottitis is limited by the retrospective, non-randomized study design. In addition, five of 20 patients were initially treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics because of immune incompetence or additional disease and we are unable to evaluate the efficiency of ampicillin in these cases. Moreover, in eight (of 20) cases no reason for the use of antibiotics other than ampicillin was provided in the medical chart and patients may be different from epiglottitis patients in general. However, no significant differences in symptoms, clinical and biochemical findings and other treatment modalities were found between these patients and those treated with ampicillin (Table 2). Lastly, our conclusions are limited to Denmark as the microbiology and resistance patterns may be different in other regions.
A multicenter point prevalence survey of antibiotic use in Punjab, Pakistan: findings and implications
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Zikria Saleem, Mohamed Azmi Hassali, Ann Versporten, Brian Godman, Furqan Khurshid Hashmi, Herman Goossens, Fahad Saleem
The top three most commonly prescribed antibiotics were ceftriaxone (35.0%), metronidazole (16.0%) and ciprofloxacin (6.0%) (Table 3). Ceftriaxone remained the most used antibiotic for different treatments or prophylactic use, ranging from on average 12.7% of use in the ICU to on average 40.4% of use in the medical departments (Table 4). In addition to these top three commonly used antibiotics, there was a relatively high use of amikacin (11.0%), meropenem (10.2%), piperacillin and enzyme inhibitor (10.2%) and vancomycin (9.3%) among ICU patients compared to other departments. Metronidazole IV was highest for surgical prophylaxis (26.7%). Ampicillin was most frequently used in neonates (8.8%) and infants (20.8%). Moxifloxacin was frequently prescribed among patients aged 25–65 years (4.4%) and age above 65 years (9.0%). It proved impossible to assess the quality of prescribing as currently there are no accepted national guidelines giving advice on antimicrobial prescribing in Pakistan [43].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Aminopenicillin
- Antibiotic
- Endocarditis
- Intramuscular Injection
- Meningitis
- Respiratory Tract Infection
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Pathogenic Bacteria
- Salmonellosis
- Group B Streptococcal Infection