Culture systems for the human embryo
David K. Gardner, Ariel Weissman, Colin M. Howles, Zeev Shoham in Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, 2017
Although there is some debate as to the level of concern one should place on ammonium toxicity in culture medium (96, 97), there are growing data to support the appearance of ammonium in the culture medium over time (72,90,98,99) (Figure 16.3a) and its toxicity to embryos, including those of humans (90, 93). Indeed, an analysis of the impact of culture media composition on live birth rates and the subsequent development of the children conceived has been reported by Dumoulin and colleagues (100, 101). In their studies, the effects of two commercial media were analyzed in a day-2 transfer program, and it was determined that differences existed in embryo growth kinetics and subsequent birth weight, which persisted through the first two years of life. Only one of the two culture media used contained free glutamine, and it was culture in this medium that resulted in delays in development and reduced birth weight, likely because the embryos were exposed to levels of ammonium known to adversely effect human embryo development and physiology (Figure 16.3b through 16.3d).
Renal physiology
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2015
The catabolism of protein and oxidation of the constituent amino acids by the liver produces some glutamine. The proximal tubular cells take up glutamine and metabolize it to ammonium ions. The ammonium ions are secreted into the tubular lumen by counter-transport with sodium ions, and bicarbonate diffuses into the peritubular capillaries (Figure 7.21). This is new bicarbonate that is added to the peritubular capillary blood. Ammonium is the protonated form of ammonia. It is an extremely weak acid as it dissociates to ammonia and hydrogen ions.
Overview of Renal Control of Acid–Base Balance
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
The catabolism of protein and oxidation of the constituent amino acids by the liver produces some glutamine. The proximal tubular cells take up glutamine and metabolize it to ammonium ions. The ammonium ions are secreted into the tubular lumen by counter-transport with sodium ions, and bicarbonate diffuses into the peritubular capillaries (Figure 45.3). This is new bicarbonate that is added to the peritubular capillary blood. Ammonium is the protonated form of ammonia. It is an extremely weak acid as it dissociates to ammonia and hydrogen ions.
Proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis of tissues for the reoccurrence prediction of colorectal cancer
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2022
Liyun Ji, Zeyuan Wang, Yin Ji, Huiyu Wang, Miao Guo, Lu Zhang, Peng Wang, Hua Xiao
EDTA-free protease inhibitor tablets (cOmplete) and phosphatase inhibitor tablets (PhosSTOP) were purchased from Roche Applied Science (Basel, Switzerland). Dithiothreitol (DTT), iodoacetamide (IAA), ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), formic acid (FA), and acetonitrile (ACN) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Trypsin was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI). RIPA lysis buffer 10X (0.5 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1.5 M NaCl, 2.5% deoxycholic acid, 10% NP-40, 10 mM EDTA) was purchased from Millipore (Catalog Number: 20-188). BCA protein assay kit was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific company (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). CAE-Ti-IMAC material (Catalog Number: 2749380, ~10 μm) was purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Beijing, China). Titanium(IV) sulfate (Ti(SO4)2) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Shanghai Co., Ltd. Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) was purchased from Lingfeng Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Bioanalytical strategies in drug discovery and development
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Aarzoo Thakur, Zhiyuan Tan, Tsubasa Kameyama, Eman El-Khateeb, Shakti Nagpal, Stephanie Malone, Rohitash Jamwal, Chukwunonso K. Nwabufo
MWCO ultrafiltration is a method that utilizes a cut-off for the molecular weight of a protein to be retained while the rest will pass through into the filtrate. MWCO ultrafiltration can be done with a membrane, which can remove dissolved solids up to a certain molecular weight on a filter plate. This is a good sample clean-up option and, in some cases offers better retention than SPE. In MWCO ultrafiltration, non-volatile salt adducts are buffer exchanged into the solution with volatile salts. In all cases, the cut-off should not be more than half of the molecular mass. MWCO-ultrafiltration devices are rinsed with a buffer before loading the sample. Ammonium acetate is often used. The number of buffer exchanges and ratio depends upon the protein (DelGuidice et al. 2020).
Affinity enrichment for mass spectrometry: improving the yield of low abundance biomarkers
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2018
Brianna Kim, Robyn Araujo, Marissa Howard, Ruben Magni, Lance A. Liotta, Alessandra Luchini
Precipitation or ‘salting out’ of proteins is another common method for concentrating proteins from large volumes. Ammonium sulfate is a common reagent used for this purpose. Increasing the concentrations of ammonium sulfate elevates the ionic strength of the solution. The increase in ionic strength reduces the repulsion of same charges of protein molecules and reduces the solvation shell around proteins. Once these forces are sufficiently reduced the proteins will interact, aggregate, and precipitate. The precipitated proteins can be collected by centrifugation and be resolubilized in a smaller volume to achieve a concentration effect. A drawback of salting out is functional disruption of biologic activity when the protein is in an insoluble state. Moreover, the proteins may not return to solution phase upon resolubilization. Commercial kits exist to conduct salting-out using proprietary reagents that protects the biological activity of the proteins, and improve resolubilization [20].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Amine
- Ammonia
- Atom
- Organic Compound
- Protonation
- Ion
- Chemical Formula
- Quaternary Ammonium Cation
- Hydrogen
- Brønsted–Lowry Acid–Base Theory