Drugs in Gastrointestinal Disorders in Developing Infants
Sam Kacew in Drug Toxicity and Metabolism in Pediatrics, 1990
The environment also contributes to the body burden of aluminum in infants. In municipal water supplies, aluminum sulfate or alum is added as a flocculating agent in the process of water purification.165 Clearly, in the preparation of dialysate, the use of municipal drinking water would contain aluminum. Hence, tap water would be considered as an environmental source of aluminum167 with far-reaching implications in pediatric toxicity as exposure is not intentional. Indeed, McDermott et al.185 suggested that aluminum-induced encephalopathy was related to the presence of this metal in the dialysate originating from the municipal water supply, as this syndrome did not occur in patients dialyzed with noncontaminated water. This observation is supported by the findings that individuals living in an area in Guam, where the aluminum content in soil and water was found to be high, developed a neuropathological syndrome resembling Parkinson’s disease.222,223 It is of interest that the concentration of aluminum was elevated in the hippocampus of these Parkinsonian-like patients.
Our strained relations with environmental agents
Richard Lawson, Jonathon Porritt in Bills of Health, 2018
This line of official reasoning was repeated in the case of the Camelford disaster, known officially as the Lowermoor incident. On 6 July 1988, 20 tonnes of concentrated aluminium sulphate solution were discharged into the treated water reservoir at Lowermoor, Cornwall, which serves the town of Camelford. Local residents and holidaymakers who drank the water experienced a variety of acute effects, and a lesser number also remained ill for a long time thereafter. Six months later a committee was set up under Dame Barbara Clayton to provide independent expert advice to the Secretary of State for Health.3 The group noted that this incident was unique in the history of pollution; there was no previous experience of humans taking in this particular cocktail of ionic lead, zinc, copper, aluminium and sulphate. They also noted that the symptoms of the people were also unique. They had wide-ranging problems: sore/dry mouth, fatigue, malaise, stomach aches, extreme thirst, nausea and vomiting, itching, sore eyes and mouth ulcers. The persistent effects noted by the group were aches and joint pains, memory loss, poor concentration, speech problems, depression and behavioural problems in children, hypersensitivity, rashes and mouth ulcers and gastrointestinal disorders. These symptoms do not fit into any recognized diagnostic category. So the observation is a unique toxic assault, and a unique resultant syndrome.
Toxicokinetics of Nerve Agents
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Some experiments described in this chapter refer to the analysis of regenerated sarin from regenerable binding sites. In that case, aluminum sulfate is not added to the sample. On the contrary, the regeneration of sarin is accelerated by the addition of a high concentration (250 mM final concentration) of fluoride ions (Polhuijs et al., 1997). The regenerated sarin is also extracted into ethyl acetate by solid phase extraction. Next, the sample is analyzed without the use of a chiral column: regeneration with a high concentration of fluoride ions occurs with rapid racemization of the organophosphofluoridate, which means that a chiral analysis is redundant.
Evaluation of 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity of aluminum chloride in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Je-Oh Lim, Tae-Yang Jung, Se-Jin Lee, So-Won Park, Woong-Il Kim, Sung-Hyeuk Park, Je-Hein Kim, Jeong-Doo Heo, Yong-Bum Kim, In-Sik Shin, Jong-Choon Kim
Aluminum and its compounds are major constituents of the Earth’s crust, comprising approximately 8% of the minerals found on the Earth’s surface (ATSDR 2008, Willhite et al. 2014). Aluminum is light in weight and is durable because the surfaces of products made from this element are oxidized to form a thin protective coating of aluminum oxide. Aluminum metal and its alloys are used extensively in construction, transportation, packaging, and electrical equipment. Several chemical compounds containing aluminum are extensively used in various products and processes associated with human activities. These compounds are aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum nitrate, aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum ammonium sulfate, and aluminum silicate (Igbokwe et al. 2019). Owing to the increased production and widespread use of aluminum and its compounds, human exposure to aluminum products has steadily increased, which may result in adverse health effects. Aluminum has not been classified with respect to carcinogenicity; however, ‘aluminum production’ has been classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group I) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IRIS 1999, ATSDR 2008).
New perspectives in bronchial asthma: pathological, immunological alterations, biological targets, and pharmacotherapy
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Deepa S. Mandlik, Satish K. Mandlik
It is obtained from chicken eggs in bulk amount and cheaper that causes vigorous, allergic bronchial inflammation and AHR in laboratory animals. Potassium aluminum sulfate (alum) is commonly used as an adjuvant along with OVA [34]. Variety of sensitization procedures have been used for the induction of acute or chronic asthma models [35]. For asthma induction, animals are sensitized by first exposure to allergens. Sensitized animals are then again challenged with subsequent exposure to allergen by various routes like dermal, inhalation, or intranasal administration. The time of exposure (days or weeks), volume, or concentrations of allergens might be different in different asthma models. Frequent systemic administration of allergen with adjuvant like aluminum hydroxide is needed in acute sensitization asthma model for the development of Th2 immune response [36].
Metal Nanoparticles in Infection and Immunity
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2020
For many years, the only adjuvant available for use in vaccines in the United States was alum, which is itself a little bit like a metal nanoparticle. Alum is aluminum sulfate salt, and is complexed with another cation such as potassium or ammonium. Alum has been used in many ways over the centuries, for example in making textiles, the tanning of leather, as well as use as a topical medication. Since the advent of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases, alum has frequently been used as an adjuvant. In some vaccines, however, no adjuvant is needed, because of the vaccine protein itself forms into a particle, for example, virus-like particles (VLPs) of hepatitis B surface antigen, used in the hepatitis B vaccine. Most vaccines, however, do require the use of an adjuvant.
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