Organic Chemicals
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Detergents are substances that allow the penetration of water into lipid areas that are non-water-soluble. Hydrocarbons such as petrol and mineral oils are completely insoluble in water while acids such as acetic or sulfuric acids are miscible with water. This solubility is connected with the fact that both are polar compounds. Decomposition of fats and oils occurs naturally by means of alkalis, yielding the alkali metal salts of fatty acids, the soaps, or artificially by synthetic aliphatic hydrocarbons attaching to acids. The attaching of acids makes them polar and more hydrophilic. There are anionic, cationic, and nonionic substances. The anions, especially the natural ones, are the least toxic and often tolerated by most of the chemically sensitive. Natural soaps are sodium salts of stearic and palmitic acid while soft soaps consist of potassium salts of these acids. The most important synthetic anionic soaps include sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, sodium alkyl sulfonate, and sodium alkyl sulfate. These, in themselves, may cause less environmental damage with degradation occurring in 10 days versus other synthetic detergents.399 However, these synthetics may be troublesome to the chemically sensitive individual. Cationic detergents (positively charged), for example, quaternary ammonium salts, are poisonous to microorganisms and can be used for disinfection. These substances are generally not very harmful to humans, but we have seen some chemically sensitive individuals react to them. At the EHC-Dallas, we use benzalkoniums as disinfectants because of their lesser reactivity in the chemically sensitive.
Proteins in Cosmetics
E. Desmond Goddard, James V. Gruber in Principles of Polymer Science and Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care, 1999
The ability of exogenous proteins to reduce the skin and eye irritation potential of detergents was highlighted many decades ago in the cosmetic chemistry community. First extensive insights were probably those of Meinecke (4), who reported that addition of a protein hydrolysate or a protein-fatty acid condensate to a solution of a highly irritant surfactant (sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate) caused a remarkable increase in the skin tolerability of the product and postulated a protective effect based on the formation of a protein colloidal layer on the skin, which could prevent or minimize the direct interaction of tenside molecules with skin keratin. The same interpretation has been advanced more recently by other authors .
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies by Cutaneous Administration
Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach in Health Risk Assessment, 2017
A surfactant used in food and drug formulations, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), was tested experimentally for percutaneous toxicity.65 At concentrations in the range of 0.03 to 3.0%, there was no reported developmental toxicity in mice, rats, or rabbits when LAS was applied over most of gestation. Studies in the rat and mouse were corroborated by other investigators.83,84 Oral studies in rats and rabbits with LAS had similar negative results,85 but oral administration of 300 or 600 mg/kg/d on gestation days 6 to 15 in the mouse by the oral route resulted in the production of skeletal anomalies.85
Micellar solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs: effect of surfactant and solubilizate molecular structure
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Zahari Vinarov, V. Katev, D. Radeva, S. Tcholakova, N. D. Denkov
A total of 19 surfactants were used to investigate the relationship between drug solubilization and surfactant molecular structure see Table 1. We studied systematically the effect of surfactant charge, head group type, and chain length. Two groups of nonionic surfactants were studied: polysorbates and alcohol ethoxylates. We have also studied homolog series of anionic surfactants of the alkyl sulfate type, with hydrophobic chain lengths of C10, C12, and C14. Additional anionic surfactants studied are the ethoxylated alkylsulfates, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, and alpha olefin sulfonate. The cationic surfactants we have used are homolog series of TABs with hydrophobic chain lengths of C12, C14, and C16. The used abbreviations and properties of the studied surfactants are summarized in Table 1. Although some of these surfactants are toxic and rarely used in drug delivery, we included them in this study to clarify the general trends (viz. effect of surfactant charge).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Benzene
- Detergent
- Oligomer
- Petroleum
- Propylene
- Sulfonate
- Surfactant
- Sodium Laureth Sulfate
- Soap
- Linear Alkylbenzene