Glycerine in Bar Soaps
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
Since the semiboiled and cold processes do not allow for washing impurities out of the soap, very pure raw materials must be used. The quality of raw materials is important with transparent soaps because of color and clarity considerations. Transparent soaps contain additives that interfere with the formation of large crystals. Alcohol, sugar, glycerine, sorbitol, castor oil, and other materials with hydroxyl groups are recommended for retarding crystal growth. Choosing fats that are less saturated or have extra hydroxyl groups, such as castor oil, also aid transparency. However, unsaturated fats make soap softer and stickier and decrease its lather, so they must be combined with saturated fats which are less favorable to transparency. The alkali used usually is sodium hydroxide, although potassium hydroxide and triethanolamine are also used, and tend to give better transparency.
The oesophagus
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie in Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Corrosives such as sodium hydroxide (lye, caustic soda) or sulphuric acid may be taken in an attempted suicide. Accidental ingestion occurs in children and when corrosives are stored in bottles labelled as beverages. All can cause severe damage to the mouth, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus and stomach. The type of agent, its concentration and the volume ingested largely determine the extent of damage. In general, alkalis are relatively odourless and tasteless, making them more likely to be ingested in large volume. Alkalis cause liquefaction, saponification of fats, dehydration and thrombosis of blood vessels which usually leads to fibrous scarring. Acids cause coagulative necrosis with eschar formation, and this coagulant may limit penetration to deeper layers of the oesophageal wall. Acids also cause more gastric damage than alkalis because of the induction of intense pylorospasm with pooling in the antrum.
Microbial environment of the manufacturing plant
Philip A. Geis in Cosmetic Microbiology, 2006
The surfactant industry also has a unique vocabulary for cleaning. We will describe these terms as well. A general purpose cleaner contains sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate for alkalinity along with a sequestering agent. Some cleaners also include low-foaming wetting agents and silicates to inhibit corrosion. These cleaners are different from clean-in-place (CIP) cleaners that have the same formula as general purpose cleaners but contain nonfoaming wetting agents. A manual washing cleaner will exhibit lower alkalinity and contain a high-foaming agent. An acid cleaner contains an organic or mineral acid to remove hard water and mineral deposits. It may also include a heterocyclic nitrogen compound to inhibit corrosion and a wetting agent to allow penetration. Alkaline cleaners are of the general purpose type but they contain very high levels of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. They are ideal for very difficult cleaning jobs.
QSAR study of antituberculosis activity of oxadiazole derivatives using DFT calculations
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Sharieh Hosseini, Sepideh Ketabi, Golnar Hasheminasab
In this QSAR study, by combining the DFT theory method with statistical analysis an equation between descriptors and the anti-Tb activity was obtained. The DFT and Lipinski’s descriptors are the main factors that influence the activity of oxadiazoles. Gap energy henrys law constant and bond length have a negative effect on activity and free Gibbs energy directly correlates with anti Tb activity. Also, examining the studied compounds in different groups shows a good agreement between the experimental and computational results. Most of the activity is related to compounds 3, 4, and 10 of the aryl oxadiazole group. This alkaline group effects on solubility and activity. The resulted statistical parameters for this equation indicate that the obtained model has acceptable accuracy and precision.
Acute chemical skin injuries in the United States: a review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Alan H. Hall, Laurence Mathieu, Howard I. Maibach
“Lye” is a liquid metal hydroxide, most often sodium or potassium hydroxide. It is a strong alkali chemical. Wolfort et al (1970) reported on skin injuries in 416 patients treated at two hospitals in Baltimore from 1952 to 1968, or approximately 25 such patients annually. Among these, 42 had lye injuries involving 5–60% of the TBSA, with only 9 resulting from workplace accidents. The majority were deliberate chemical assaults. The mean hospital admission duration was 32 days. The one death that occurred was attributed to an anesthetic accident. Noted complications were tympanic membrane perforations (from liquid lye running into the external auditory canal), parotid fistulas, more potential for formation of keloids than usually seen with thermal burns, and early development of Marjolin's malignant ulcers in injury scars (noted at 3–9 years following lye injuries as opposed to an average of 34 years following thermal burns). In these 2 hospitals, treatment protocols were early water flushing and then 12–24 h of continuous flushing with water in a shower (Wolfort et al. 1970). Despite this, all 42 lye-exposed patients developed chemical skin injuries requiring debridement and skin grafting (Wolfort et al. 1970).
Absence of Therapeutic Benefit of the Anti-Inflammatory Protein TSG-6 for Corneal Alkali Injury in a Rat Model
Published in Current Eye Research, 2019
Hosoon Choi, Casie Phillips, Joo Youn Oh, Luke Potts, Roxanne L. Reger, Darwin J. Prockop, Samuel Fulcher
Ocular chemical burns account for approximately 7–18% of all ocular traumas and may cause irreversible vision loss depending on the severity of the injury.1 Alkaline (strong basic) or acidic solutions cause most severe injuries, and immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent the short- and long-term debilitating sequelae.1,2 Alkaline agents tend to cause more damage compared to acidic agents.3 Commonly encountered alkalis include: ammonia (found in fertilizers and cleaning agents), sodium hydroxide (lye; found in drain cleaners), and calcium hydroxide (lime; in cement, plaster, and mortar).4,5 The severity of damage by alkaline agents is subject to the concentration and pH of agents as well as the exposure time and contacted area of ocular surface and tissue.6–8 The progression and the recovery of injury mainly depend on the extent of damage to corneal, limbal, and conjunctival tissues.9 For treatment purpose, alkali ocular injuries are classified based on two clinical endpoints: (1) the extent (area) of injury at the limbus, and (2) the degree of injury (area and depth) to the cornea.9,10