Anxiety and avoidance
Chris Williams, Roch Cantwell, Karen Robertson in Overcoming Postnatal Depression, 2020
Your body reacts to extreme and unhelpful frightening thoughts just as it would to a physical danger. The fight or flight adrenaline response creates all of the symptoms described above. Your heart rate and breathing both speed up so that your muscles are ready to react to defend yourself or run away. This is very useful when the danger is real. Think about a time when you may have had a sudden shock. Perhaps you stepped into the road when a car was coming and didn’t realise it until you heard the car’s horn. In such a situation, your body releases adrenaline – which makes your heart beat faster. The fight or flight adrenaline response causes you to pay particular attention to anything around you that may cause you harm. You may have other physical responses, such as feeling sweaty or restless and tense. Blood is pumped faster round your body so that your muscles are ready to react. And your breathing may speed up to allow more oxygen to get to your muscles so again you are ready to respond.
Treatment and its Effectiveness in Relapse Prevention Associated with Crack Cocaine
Rosie Winyard, Andrew McBride in Substance Misuse in Primary Care, 2018
Adrenaline is normally released as part of a response to danger or excitement and heightens the senses and enables the body to work at peak performance. It does this by: increasing heart rate: this is to increase the blood flow around the body, which also increases the speed at which oxygen reaches the musclesincreasing breathing rate: short and shallow breaths increase the amount of oxygen in the bloodstreambutterflies in the stomach: this is due to blood leaving the stomach and being diverted to the arms and legs where it is most neededsweating: the body is getting hotter and sweating is the body’s cooling system.
Paper 2 Answers
James Day, Amy Thomson, Tamsin McAllister, Nawal Bahal in Get Through, 2014
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant physiological cation (after sodium, potassium and calcium) and an important intracellular cation. Normal plasma concentrations of magnesium are 0.7–1.05 mmol·L−1. This exists in both ionized and unionized forms, although only the ionized form is physiologically active. Approximately 50% of stored magnesium is found in soft tissue, with the remainder predominantly in bone, with less than 1% stored in erythrocytes. Magnesium is an essential cofactor in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent processes, chelating ATP to fully activate it. When present in high levels, magnesium directly inhibits both myocardial contractility and catecholamine receptors. In contrast, it enhances the positive inotropic effects of adrenaline. Magnesium causes vasodilatation directly as well as reducing the response of vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictors.
Beta-blocker carteolol and oxprenolol produce cutaneous analgesia in response to needle pinpricks in the rat
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
An-Kuo Chou, Yu-Wen Chen
To prolong the duration of the nerve block, a mixture of local anesthetics and adrenaline was administrated [11]. Adrenaline helps to minimize blood loss, lowers the risk of toxicity, prevents systemic absorption, and thus extends the duration of action [32,33]. The addition of epinephrine (non-selective alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist) prolonged the duration of action of oxprenolol or carteolol (non-selective beta-adrenergic blocking agent). Our data suggest that alpha-adrenergic receptors may be a critical role in prolonging the duration of local anesthetic action. The effect (AUC) of carteolol+epinephrine combination, oxprenolol+epinephrine combination, or bupivacaine+epinephrine combination was almost 1.7-, 1.9-, and 2.9-times larger than carteolol, oxprenolol, or bupivacaine alone, respectively. Our results are similar to the previous study that found that lidocaine 1% plus epinephrine (1:200,000) was comparable to the higher dose of lidocaine when performing ear surgery [34]. Despite their recognized action in stabilizing membranes [4], beta-blockers have other functions, we still cannot omit information about the greater selectivity of the compounds for beta-adrenergic receptors that make it difficult to explore target mechanisms. Accordingly, in the presence of a non-selective ß-blocker, the α effect is not opposed and may result in increased vasoconstriction with a prolongation of the local anesthetic effect.
Effectiveness of aromatherapy in reducing duration of labour: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Ashraf Ghiasi, Leila Bagheri, Fatemeh Sharaflari
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) a member of Pedaliaceae family, has analgesic activity due to presence of acetic acid in it. Acetic acid causes algesia by liberation of endogenous substances, which then excite the pain nerve endings (Bawa et al. 2010). Pain and fear cause stress. Stress can increase adrenaline secretion. When adrenaline secret blood vessels contracted so the maternal and foetal oxygen supply decreases. Decreased blood flow also causes weakening of uterine contractions and results in prolonged labour (Ria et al. 2020). In a study conducted by Askari, the experimental group received massage with sesame oil while the placebo group received massage with liquid oil. The results revealed the significant difference between the mean duration of three-stage of labour in experimental and control group (Askari et al. 2016).
Patients’ multifaceted views of dental fear in a diagnostic interview
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2021
Pirjo Kurki, Maija Korhonen, Kirsi Honkalampi, Anna Liisa Suominen
Most participants told about panic and anxiety symptoms when they described their dental fear: ˈBecause it [the anesthetic] takes a while to take effect, it didn’t really help at the moment I needed it and the panic was pretty overwhelmingˈ; ˈIt was like – well, I used to suffer from panic attacks, and the experience was pretty similar to thoseˈ. Furthermore, they explained other extremely strong physiological reactions, for example increased heart rate/palpitations: ˈI always say that I’m not having an allergenic reaction, I’m hypersensitive to adrenaline and my body goes into overdrive… my heart starts beating terribly fast, my face turns red and I get all sweaty and feverishˈ. Furthermore, they described the sensation of fainting/feeling paralysed, the sensation of being strangled, difficulties in swallowing: ˈ…often, the dentist has to pause because I get an urge to start swallowingˈ and the feeling of a constricted throat: ˈI feel like there’s something blocking my airway and I can’t breatheˈ.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Pupillary Response
- Medulla Oblongata
- Cardiac Output
- Adrenal Gland
- Epinephrine
- Sinoatrial Node
- Hormone
- Neuron
- Fight-Or-Flight Response
- Blood Sugar Level