Synthetic Polymers in Cosmetics
E. Desmond Goddard, James V. Gruber in Principles of Polymer Science and Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care, 1999
The behavior of polymers is also affected by their chemical identities. For instance, if the polymer is actually a copolymer, or if it is cross-linked or hydrophobically modified, variations from typical solution behavior occur. These examples are addressed in this chapter when they become relevant. Simple linear polymers include poly[(meth)acrylic acid], poly(acrylamide), poly(ethylene oxide), polymers and random copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and (propylene oxide), poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Such polymers primarily influence solution viscosity through random chain entanglement. However, all of these polymers possess functional sites, which allows them to bind interpolymerically and aids in chain entanglement. These functional sites also allow all of these polymers to dissolve in highly polar aqueous mediums under the right conditions. We will focus on these polymers initially. Poly meth) acrylic Acid. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is a workhorse polymer for cosmetic thickening However, in cosmetic applications this polymer is typically either cross-linked or hydrophobically modified; these altered forms of PAA will be addressed in later sections. Poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) has found significantly fewer ap-
Innovative industrial technology starts with iodine
Tatsuo Kaiho in Iodine Made Simple, 2017
In order for fluoropolymers to manifest such superior properties, the role of iodine in their production process is very important. A typical production process of fluororesin is known as telomerization (see the diagram). (1) iodine (I2) and iodine pentafluoride (IF5) react in pentafluoroethylene to create pentafluoroethyl iodide (C2F5I), known as telogen. (2) the elongation reaction of tetrafluoroethylene is used to create a fluorocarbon chain from the telogen. (3) Ethylene is added to form perfluoroalkyl iodide, which modifies iodine into a hydroxyl, and fluorotelomer alcohol is obtained. (4) Ethyl acrylate is composed from perfluoroalkylethyl alcohol and acrylic acid, and by reacting this with other comonomers (acrylate, metacrylate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride), water and oil repellent fluoropolymers are obtained [34]. In addition to C2F5I, heptafluoropropyl iodide((CF3)2CFI) is also used as a telogen.
Glove Selection for Work with Acrylates Including Those Cured by Ultraviolet, Visible Light, or Electron Beam
Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach in Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Acrylates refer to a class of acrylic acids (Figure 23.1), and their esters are defined by a carboxylic acid group bound to a carbon–carbon double bond (vinyl group), which is involved in polymerization and the formation of plastics. Acrylates can be divided into two broad categories of products. The first category is resinous-type chemicals that give the basic properties to the final industrial application. These synthetic molecules, which generally are of medium-to-high viscosity (typically ranging from syrupy to nearly solid or purely solids), are referred to as oligomers in industry. The second category consists of reactive diluents that co-react with the oligomers into the final polymeric network upon curing. They are typically referred to as monomers or MFAs (multifunctional acrylates) in industry. Their viscosity ranges from watery to more viscous, but still easily pourable liquids. Although these names are not chemically correct, we use the terms oligomer and monomer as described above throughout this chapter.Acrylic acid.The figure shows the chemical structure for acrylic acid with a carboxylic acid group (–COOH) bound to a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) or vinyl group.
Microneedles for transdermal drug delivery using clay-based composites
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Farzaneh Sabbagh, Beom Soo Kim
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a type of cellulose derivative in which a carboxymethyl group (-CH2-COOR) is bonded to a part of the hydroxyl group present in the cellulose skeleton [92]. Polar carboxyl groups make cellulose chemically reactive, soluble, and hydrophilic. However, the main disadvantage of natural polymer-based hydrogels is poor mechanical properties due to large swelling [93]. Attempts have been made to overcome these problems by using various types of grafting, developing interpenetrating polymer networks and nanofillers, or altering the structure by physically mixing with other polymers. Poly (acrylic acid) is a hydrophilic polymer due to the presence of hydrophilic -COOH groups and can absorb huge amounts of water. Therefore, poly(acrylic acid) is widely used in drug delivery systems [67].
Effect of substitution of plasticizer dibutyl phthalate with dibutyl sebacate on Eudragit® RS30D drug release rate control
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Rakesh Singh Chaudhary, Tejas Patel, Job Richard Kumar, Mohamed Chan
Acrylic Acid polymers are widely used in the film coating of pharmaceutical dosage forms for a variety of functional and non-functional usage, e.g. moisture protection, gastric acid resistance, taste masking, and to control the drug release in the controlled release dosage form. For controlling the drug release by barrier film formed on the dosage form consists of film forming polymer, insoluble fillers such as colors, opacifiers, plasticizers, and solvent. For the controlled release dosage form, where the drug release is controlled by the polymer film, use of methacrylic acid derivative is often used. The presence of plasticize in film coating formulations has an important role in providing increased elasticity and flexibility to the film formed (Godwin 2000). The use of plasticizer in polymeric solution or dispersions for film coating allows to increase the workability, flexibility, and reduced tensile strength of the polymer by modifying thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer (Rowe et al. 1984; Bodmeier and Paeratakul 1994). The plasticizers in polymeric dispersion during plasticization, partition into and soften the colloidal polymeric particles and promote particle deformation to enable coalescence into a homogenous film. The plasticization effect is dependent on the plasticizer–polymer compatibility and the plasticizer performance in the film during coating, storage, and during contact with artificial or biological fluids.
Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic star-shaped copolymers based on β-cyclodextrin for micelles drug delivery
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Jieqiong Lv, Runcheng Liang, Zihua Xia, Yong Li, Zhufen Lv, Dongzhi Hou, Liping Yu, Gang Chen, Yi Liu, Fan Yang
Vinpocetine (purity ≥99%) was purchased from Northeast Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Shenyang, China). β-cyclodextrin (β-CD, purity ≥98%), phosphorus pentasulfide (P4S10) and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Acrylic acid (AA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), acryloyl chloride, 4-methoxybenzoic acid (MBA, purity ≥98%), sodium dodecyl sulfate, azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN, with ≥99% purity), potassium hydroxide (KOH), acryloyl chloride (purity ≥96%) and pyrene (purity ≥99%) were obtained from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Methanol and acetonitrile were from Merck. N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP, purity ≥99%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Co., LLC. Diethylene dioxide and triethylamine (TEA) were obtained from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory. Dialysis membranes (molecular weight cut off (MWCO) = 3500 and 7000) were purchased from Spectrum Laboratories (Tokyo, Japan).
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