Herbal Medicines in Neuropsychiatric Illness: The Case of L-Stepholidine
Vikas Kumar, Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu in Herbs for Diabetes and Neurological Disease Management, 2018
Acorus calamus is a traditionally used as neuroprotective and anti-convulsant. Effect of co-administration of methanolic extract of A. calamus and anti-epileptic drugs was studied. The study revealed that A. calamus exhibit synergistic anti-convulsant action.19A. sinensis and Sophora flavescens are herbs used in Chinese traditional medicine as neuroprotective. The essential oil isolated from these exhibited neuroprotective and antioxidant properties.20Ixeris sonchifolia Hance is an herb distributed in northeastern parts of China and has been used by natives to stimulate circulation. The extracts of the herb were evaluated for neuroprotective effects. The study revealed that the flavonoids in ethyl acetate extract contribute at least partly to the neuroprotective effect against ischemia-induced cellular injury and can be potentially developed for treatment of ischemia-reperfusion-induced diseases.21
Protecting Pancreatic β-cells from Metabolic Insults
Christophe Wiart in Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Ethylacetate fraction of roots of Acorus calamus L. at a concentration of 25 µg/mL boosted the secretion of insulin by HIT-T15 cells more potently than gliclazide at 10 µmol/L in vitro.471 This fraction inhibited yeast α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 0.4 mg/mL and this effect was superior to acarbose.471 In ICR mice, the fraction given orally at a single dose of 800 mg/kg lowered glycemia after 1 hour from about 4.8 to 3.2 mmol/L (gliclazide at 100 mg/kg: about 2.5 mmol/L).471 In mice receiving intraperitoneal load of glucose, the extract at 100 mg/kg given orally 1 hour before lowered after 1 hour of glucose injection glucose as potently as gliclazide at 100 mg/kg.471 In mice receiving an oral load of starch, the extract at 100 mg/kg orally lowered 30 minutes postprandial peak.471Acorus calamus L. accumulates β-asarone.472
The Antidepressant Effects of Yueue and the Herbs of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Scott Mendelson in Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Yeung et al. noted that the most commonly used single ingredients in TCM herbal treatments of depression, in descending order of use, are Bupleuri falcatum radix, Angelica sinensis, Paeonia lactiflora radix, Poria cocos, Curcuma longa, Atractylodes macrocephala, Glycyrrhiza glabara, Ligusticum chuanxiong, and Cyperus rotundus. These were discussed in the previous chapter exploring individual herbs. One of the herbs mentioned by Yeung et al., Acorus calamus, was not discussed. It has been used for centuries in Chinese and Western herbalism for a variety of purposes, including the treatment of depression-like syndromes. It has been held in very high regard. Unfortunately, both α- and β-asarone in Acorus calamus are known to have carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and teratogenic effects in mice.55
Volatile, non-volatile composition and insecticidal activity of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2019
Olonisakin Adebisi, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Praveen Kumar Verma, Bikram Singh, S. G. Eswara Reddy
The residual toxicity assay of EO, hexane, and methanol fractions of E. adenophorum against second instar larvae of P. xylostella and adults of A. craccivora in terms of LC50 and LT50 to kill 50% of the test insect relative control values and other statistical parameters generated by linear regression analysis is summarized and presented in Tables 5–7. Results showed that, EO showed more toxicity to larvae of P. xylostella within 24 (LC50 = 3176.54 mg L−1) as compared to hexane and methanol fractions via residual toxicity assay. Our results are in agreement with the findings of others who reported the efficacy of EOs against other lepidopteran larvae. Patchouli oil was found to be the most toxic to larvae of the leaf roller, Choristoneura rosaceana, whereas garlic oil was the most toxic to larvae of Trichoplusia ni followed by patchouli oil and lemongrass oil (Machial et al.2010). In similar study Reddy et al. (2016), reported that the EO of Acorus calamus (LC50 = 0.29 mg L−1) showed more toxic to larvae of P. xylostella and was followed by Cedrus deodara (LC50 = 1.08 mg L−1), and Murraya koenigii (LC50 = 1.93 mg L−1).
Taishan Pinus massoniana Pollen Polysaccharides Enhance Immune Responses in Chickens Infected by Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup B
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2018
Shifa Yang, Guiming Li, Zengcheng Zhao, Zhongli Huang, Jian Fu, Minxun Song, Shuqian Lin, Ruiliang Zhu
Various polysaccharides isolated from plants and microorganisms have been used as effective biological response modifiers against cancer, immunodeficiency, and chronic infection (Feng et al., 2015; Ling et al., 2011). Many plant polysaccharides have been extensively investigated because of their potential immunostimulatory activity. For example, analysis of the immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides DOP-1 and DOP-2 isolated from the stem of Dendrobium officinale (DOP) showed that the former could significantly promote splenocyte proliferation and NK cell cytotoxicity, whereas the latter played an important role in macrophage activation (Xia et al., 2012). Water-soluble polysaccharides obtained from Acorus calamus L. have been shown to be able to activate macrophages and stimulate Th1 response (Belska et al., 2010). Our previous studies indicated that natural nontoxic polysaccharides derived from Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide (TPPPS) could enhance the production performance and immunological function in rabbits and chickens (Wei et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2014). Furthermore, TPPPS, when used as immunoadjuvant, could significantly improve the effects of different vaccines against Proteus mirabilis, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and recombinant Bordetella avium ompA (Cui et al., 2013; Wei et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2013). However, whether TPPPS could attenuate immunosuppression caused by ALV-B in chickens is unknown.
Potential anticancer activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rhynchosia suaveolens: an insight into the mechanism
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Murali Satyanarayana Bethu, Vasudeva Reddy Netala, Latha Domdi, Vijaya Tartte, Venkateswara Rao Janapala
The anticancer activity of RS-AgNPs was determined by the MTT assay by measuring the percentage of cell viability (live cells) and IC50 values were calculated for each cell line (Figure 4). FDA approved drug molecule doxorubicin was used as a positive control. RS-AgNPs exhibited concentration-dependent potential cytotoxicity against DU145 and PC3, SKOV3 and A549 cells. RS-AgNPs induced 50% cytotoxicity against DU14, PC-3, SKOV3 and A549 at the concentrations of 4.35, 7.72, 4.2 and 24.7 μg/mL, respectively. Lower IC50 value indicates highest inhibitory activity. Hence, RS-AgNPs were more cytotoxic against SKOV3 cells, followed by DU14, PC3 and A549. It is evident from the results that RS-AgNPs exhibit highest inhibition against SKOV3 cells with an IC50 value of 4.2 µg/mL. Nevertheless, these RS-AgNPs are 16-fold less toxic to most common mammalian cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The results are supported by previous findings. Biogenic AgNPs from the leaf extract of Olax scandens exhibited potent cytotoxicity against A549, B16F10 (mouse melanoma) and MCF-7 (Human breast cancer), but showed negligible cytotoxicity towards normal cell lines including CHO, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and rat cardiomyoblast (H9C2) cells [10]. Biosynthesized AgNPs from Clerodendrum phlomidis exhibited potent cytotoxicity against HT29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT29) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma(EAC) cells [52]. Biosynthesized AgNPs from Cibotium barometz and Chaenomeles sinensis showed anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells [27,28]. AgNPs synthesized with leaf extract of Sesbania grandiflora showed potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells [53]. Biogenic AgNPs from rhizome extract of Acorus calamus demonstrated to be cytotoxic against A431 carcinoma cells [54].
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