Aspirin
David J. George in Poisons, 2017
Aspirin is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid. Derivatives of salicylic acid are collectively referred to as salicylates. Although aspirin is the most familiar salicylate, there are other forms of salicylate utilized in clinical medicine. Toxic exposures most often result from either adult suicidal ingestion, excessive utilization of salicylate products in therapeutic situations, or pediatric accidental ingestions. The majority of pediatric aspirin deaths result from administration of excessive amounts by parents or other caregivers for therapeutic reasons. In 2009, a 53-year-old man living in Philadelphia went to a hospital emergency department about an hour after ingesting about 200 adult aspirin tablets in a suicide attempt. Aspirin could also cause pylorospasm that would delay transfer from the stomach to the intestine. Characteristics of the particular aspirin formulation such as coatings and tableting materials that might be unimportant in therapeutic dosing can become a critical consideration in poisoning cases in which exposures might involve huge numbers of dosage units.
Effects of Antithrombotic and Results of Drug Screening
Josef Hladovec in Antithrombotic Drugs in Thrombosis Models, 2020
The story of acetylsalicylic acid began to unfold a long time ago. Since its introduction to the market under the name Aspirin in 1899 by Bayer, it has been one of the most effective nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, also classified by pharmacologists as analgesics-antipyretics. Its range of indications is fairly wide and the drug was for many years and still is one prescribed and taken in the largest quantities. In 1968, the effectiveness of acetylsalicylic acid was also demonstrated in an animal model. In 1971 Vane demonstrated that the drug inhibits tissue cyclo-oxygenase while Smith and Willis described the same effect in platelets. In vitro effects are generally used in the screening of new antithrombotic drugs. It is well known that a tiny fraction of drugs effective under such conditions is clinically useful.
Drugs and Poisons
Bell Suzanne in Forensic Science, 5th Edition, 2019
This chapter focuses on drugs and poisons that cause physiological effects that range from therapeutic and beneficial to toxic, causing impairment or intoxication. Historically, one of the first delineations made was between plant-based drugs and mineral-based ones. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) was first synthesized in the 1800s by the Bayer Company, but the active ingredient is found in willow leaves and bark. The most common plant-based drugs are chemically classified as alkaloids. These substances were originally called “vegetable bases” since they were extracted from plants and the extracts were found to be basic or alkaline. Physical form is another way to classify substances. Most are solids, but there are liquid toxins, such as ethanol (the alcohol in beverages such as wine), methanol (wood alcohol), and the element mercury, which is a liquid. Cyanide (HCN) is a gas, as is the arsine form of arsenic (AsH3) and carbon monoxide (CO).
Acetylsalicylic acid does not alter thermo-effector responses during mild whole-body passive heat stress in young men
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2015
Stephen J. Carter, Robert L. Herron, S. Zeb Akers, Phillip A. Bishop
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), aspirin, exerts potent systemic effects that may interfere with normal thermo-effector responses. We investigated the influence of commonly ingested ASA doses on measures of skin blood flow (SkBF) and local sweat rate (SR) during whole-body, passive heat stress. Seven male participants completed counter-balanced trials to compare ASA treatments (single dose 325 mg or 4 consecutive days 81 mg (4-d 81 mg)) to control (no ASA). Laser-Doppler flowmetry provided an index of SkBF. A ventilated capsule measured local sweat rate via capacitance hygrometry. Mean body temperature () was increased by 1 °C above baseline using a water-perfused suit. was similar at the onset of cutaneous vasodilation among trials. Cutaneous vascular conductance, expressed as a percentage change from baseline, was not different among trials. Additionally, at the onset of local SR and SR sensitivity did not differ among trials. While ASA has previously been shown to influence SkBF during heat stress, it is possible our cohort’s relatively young age may have contributed to our dissimilar results.
Investigation of dissolution rate kinetics of bulk pharmaceutical feed streams within a stirred tank vessel and a twin screw extruder
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Arabella M. McLaughlin, John Robertson, Xiong-Wei Ni
The introduction of continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals has highlighted the challenging area of continuous dissolution of solids for work ups to flow chemistry systems. In this study, the use of a 16 mm twin screw extruder (TSE) as a platform technology for solid feeds is investigated using four solid pharmaceutical ingredients (PI) in a mixture of water and IPA. In order for comparison, the same experiments were also carried out in a batch traditional stirred tank vessel (STV). The objectives of this work are to gain further scientific understanding on dissolution kinetics and to compare kinetics in both a batch and continuous system. The concentration of each PI during dissolution is monitored using an in-line UV-ATR probe, allowing the extraction of dissolution kinetics. Faster dissolution rates are achieved in the TSE than in the STV due to higher power dissipation generated by the aggressive shear mixing and thermal energy within the TSE. Complete dissolution of paracetamol is obtained within the residence time of the TSE; complete dissolution of benzoic acid and acetylsalicylic acid are achieved at higher barrel temperatures; however full dissolution of nicotinic acid is not achievable in the TSE under the experimental conditions.
Influence of vitamin E on the antiplatelet effect of acetylsalicylic acid in human blood
Published in Platelets, 2005
J.A. González-Correa, M.M. Arrebola, A. Guerrero, J. Muñoz-Marín, D. Ruiz-Villafranca, F. Sánchez de La Cuesta, J.P. De La Cruz
We analysed the in vitro interaction between acetylsalicylic acid and vitamin E on the principal antiplatelet sites of action of acetylsalicylic acid, i.e., platelet aggregation, prostanoid production in platelets and leukocytes, and nitric oxide synthesis. Aggregation was measured in whole blood and in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with ADP, collagen or arachidonic acid as platelet inducers, and we measured the production of thromboxane B2, prostacyclin and nitric oxide. Vitamin E potentiated the antiplatelet effect of acetylsalicylic acid in both whole blood and PRP. In PRP induced with collagen the IC50 for acetylsalicylic acid alone was 339 ± 11.26, and that of acetylsalicylic acid + vitamin E was 0.89 ± 0.09 (P
Related Knowledge Centers
- Salicylic Acid
- Stroke
- Transient Ischemic Attack
- Thrombosis
- Salicylates
- Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor
- Pharmaceutical