Antiviral Nanomaterials as Potential Targets for Malaria Prevention and Treatment
Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji in Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
This technique uses a lipid phase containing lipid excipients, and the therapeutic moiety is solubilized in a volatile organic solvent. Other excipients, such as a stabilizing agent, are dissolved to make an aqueous phase. To obtain a small droplet-formed emulsion (O/W), the lipid phase is applied to the aqueous phase, followed by high-energy homogenization or sonication. Furthermore, the organic solvent is removed by evaporation or decreased pressure. This process subsequently results in the formation of lipid NPs. Ethyl acetate is an extensively used organic solvent because it offers better toxicological profile as compared to earlier used solvents, such as dichloromethane and chloroform (Pradhan et al. 2017, 2020). The NPs are washed repeatedly with distilled water by ultracentrifugation, and then the pellets of lipid NPs are collected. The physico-chemical properties of prepared nanoparticles are influenced by experimental parameters, such as processing temperature, solvent-evaporation method, aqueous-phase length, surfactant quantity, and polymer-molecular weight (Pradhan et al. 2016b). This is well suited for lipophilic and thermolabile drugs because this technique does not involve thermal stress. However, this method has limitations, such as time consumption and coalescence during the solvent evaporation (Singh et al. 2016).
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Butyl acetate is a colorless clear liquid; its odor type is ethereal and its odor is described as ‘sharp, etherial, diffusive, fruity banana’ (www.thegoodscentscompany.com). Butyl acetate is prepared by the slow distillation of butanol and acetic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid (4). Uses of butyl acetate include or have included: in perfumes and as synthetic flavoring ingredient used in producing banana, pear, pineapple and berry flavors; in the manufacture of lacquer, artificial leather, photographic films, plastics and safety glass, in the preservation of foodstuffs; as solvent for gums, resins, lacquer stains, ester-soluble dyes, fats, waxes, cellulose esters, paper coatings and other protective coatings; as dehydrating agent used in processing of oils and pharmaceuticals and as extraction solvent in the manufacture of penicillin (4, U.S. National Library of Medicine).
Microdialysis Techniques for Epilepsy Research
Steven L. Peterson, Timothy E. Albertson in Neuropharmacology Methods in Epilepsy Research, 2019
Many fiber-shaped dialysis materials have been successfully used in fabrication of microdialysis probes. Popular ones are regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose ester, polysulfone, etc.28 These membranes vary in their permeability limits, diameter, wall thickness, etc. When choosing a dialysis membrane, the primary consideration should be the permeability limit and its performance in vivo. Certain membrane materials (such as polysulfone) offer excellent in vitro recovery numbers for a given surface area, but may perform poorly in vivo, and others are vice versa. The regenerated cellulose membranes are usually rugged enough to sustain the handling required under common laboratory conditions. If the membrane must be wet in order to stay patent, threading it inside the plumbing tubes and gluing it can be tricky. Flaccidity and handling of the membrane in dry and wet conditions should be considered. The membrane should be firm enough that it can be conveniently placed inside the target tissue. Also important factors are availability of diameters that are suitable for the target tissue, and their ability to withhold internal fluid pressures. Such information is usually available from the membrane manufacturer.
Preparation and functional evaluation of electrospun polymeric nanofibers as a new system for sustained topical ocular delivery of itraconazole
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Saba Mehrandish, Ghobad Mohammadi, Shahla Mirzaeei
Prepared CA-PVA, PCL8, and PCL6 nanofibers are represented in Figures 1(C–E). Cellulose acetate is one of the most common biopolymers used in the development of polymeric nanofibers which can be used as drug carriers or in tissue engineering (Tan et al. 2020). This polymer can be dissolved in pure acetone but when dissolved in a mixture of acetone with another organic solvent like dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide, fewer beads, and finer fibers may be obtained (Son et al. 2006; Taepaiboon et al. 2007). Because of the poor physicochemical properties of pure CA nanofibers like the low flexibility and tensile strength, the addition of PVA blend was considered to enhance the prepared nanofibers. After the electrospinning process, a uniform, and flexible CA-PVA nanofiber with an acceptable strength was obtained.
Phenolic Extraction of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Induces Caspase-Dependent and Caspase-Independent Apoptosis through the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and the Activation of Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway in Human Melanoma Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Bich Hang Do, Nghia Son Hoang, Thi Phuong Thao Nguyen, Nguyen Quynh Chi Ho, Thanh Long Le, Chinh Chung Doan
In this study, we successfully isolated the fraction contains high amounts of phenolic compounds from the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. using ethyl acetate solvent. The MO-EA exerted cytotoxicity to human melanoma cells (A375 cells and A2058 cells) in a dose-dependent manner without apparent cytotoxic effects on normal human fibroblasts (WS1 cells and NHDF cells). The anti-proliferation was supposed to be mediated via apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial ROS and pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic balance of Bax/Bcl-2 while decreasing ΔΨm. The mechanism of cell death involved in both Caspase-dependent pathway through activation of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3/7 and through Caspase-independent pathway via AIF translocation. These results suggested that ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves possessed high anticancer property against skin cancer cells. The study suggested a promising treatment therapy for skin cancer by using Moringa oleifera leaves in combination with current therapies to increase the efficiency and reduce the side effects. Further studies to screen the anticancer capability of various active constituents are required. Additionally, in vivo tests are necessary to confirm the anticancer activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves.
The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between gut microbiota and diet in cardio-metabolic health
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Ana Nogal, Ana M. Valdes, Cristina Menni
Acetate can be synthesized through two different pathways. Firstly, acetyl-CoA can be produced by decarboxylation of pyruvate, then, acetyl-CoA is hydrolyzed to acetate by an acetyl-CoA hydrolase.80 Most of the acetate is produced by enteric bacteria, including Prevotella spp., Ruminococcus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., Streptococcus spp., A. muciniphila, and B. hydrogenotrophica, using this pathway.81 Secondly, the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway can be also used by acetogenic bacteria to form acetate from acetyl-CoA. Here, the reduction of carbon dioxide generates carbon monoxide, which reacts with a coenzyme A molecule and a methyl group to produce acetyl-CoA. At the same time, acetyl-CoA is the substrate to obtain acetate.82
Related Knowledge Centers
- Acetic Acid
- Biosynthesis
- Ester
- Ethyl Acetate
- Polymer
- Salt
- Radical
- Conjugate
- Ion
- Sodium Acetate