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Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, Obesogens, and the Obesity Epidemic
Published in Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss, Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, 2017
Raquel Chamorro-Garcia, Bruce Blumberg, Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss
The organotins tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) were the first obesogens described and they both activate PPARγ (Grun et al. 2006, Janesick et al. 2016, Kanayama et al. 2005). More recently, the pesticides triflumizole, quinoxyfen, spirodiclofen, and zoxamide have been shown to activate PPARγ and to increase lipid accumulation using in vitro models such as the murine pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cell line and mouse and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (Janesick et al. 2016, Li et al. 2012). In the same study, we found that the fungicide fludioxonil is not a PPARγ activator, but it activates RXR and increases lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and MSCs (Janesick et al. 2016). MSCs are able to differentiate into a variety of cell types, including adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and myocytes, depending upon the stimuli they receive (Cristancho and Lazar 2011). By exposing 3T3-L1 cells or MSCs to obesogen candidates in the presence of an adipogenic cocktail, it is possible to assess the adipogenic capabilities of individual chemicals by analyzing lipid accumulation and mRNA expression levels of adipogenic marker genes such as those described earlier (Chamorro-Garcia et al. 2012, Grun et al. 2006, Janesick et al. 2016, Kirchner et al. 2010). There is a subset of candidate obesogens whose mechanisms of action remain unknown. One example is bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), which is used in the manufacture of epoxy resins, paints, and as a coating in food cans. BADGE induces lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and MSCs, but the inhibition of PPARγ with the specific antagonists T0070907 or GW9663 does not interfere with BADGE-induced accumulation of lipids (Chamorro-Garcia et al. 2012). Other potential obesogens whose mechanisms of action remain unknown are imazalil, tebupirimfos, florchlorfenuron, flusilazole, acetamiprid, and pymetrozine, which are not PPARγ or RXR activators but induce adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells (Janesick et al. 2016). These studies indicate that further analyses are needed to more fully understand the mechanisms through which obesogens act.
Effects of three conventional insecticides on life table parameters and detoxifying enzymes activity of Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammad Fazel Hallaji Sani, Bahram Naseri, Hooshang Rafiee-Dastjerdi, Sirus Aghajanzadeh, Mohammad Ghadamyari
Chlorpyrifos (O,O-Diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl phosphorothioate) is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide interfere with signaling from the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Rathod and Garg 2017). It provides a good alternative to more harmful pesticides used on a variety of crops, and is now one of the most important pesticides for controlling the orange pulvinaria scale (EPA 2000, Saedi et al. 2018). Pyriproxyfen (4-phenoxyphenyl (R/S)-2–(2-pyridyloxy) propyl ether, 2-[1–(4-phenoxyphenoxy) propan-2-yloxy] pyridine), a pyridine-based pesticide, was first introduced to the US in 1996, to protect cotton crops against whitefly (Ishaaya and Horowitz 1995, Devillers 2013). This insect growth regulator (IGR) is a juvenile hormone analog that prevents larvae from developing into adulthood and thus rendering them unable to reproduce (Ishaaya and Horowitz 1995). Acetamiprid (N-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl) methyl]-N'-cyano-N-methyl-acetamidine) is a systemic insecticide belonging to the chloropyridinyl neonicotinoids, and applied to control sucking insects on crops (Yao et al. 2006). This compound can be used combined with other pesticides with a different mode of action (Ford and Casida 2006).
Toxic effect of acetamiprid on Rana ridibunda sciatic nerve (electrophysiological and histopathological potential)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Yusuf Çamlıca, Salih Cüfer Bediz, Ülkü Çömelekoğlu, Şakir Necat Yilmaz
Neonicotinoids is a new group of synthetic insecticides with nitromethylene and nitroimin as well as cyanoimin group (Soloway et al.1979, Matsuda et al.2001). They were act as selective agonists at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide which is widely used against crop pests. It is commonly used against harmful insects on agricultural products such as cotton, tobacco, potato, tomato, and nuts in many countries. Although acetamiprid is considered safe for use in the environment of human and animals, it can cause headaches, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, and other symptoms after the exposure (Bass et al.2015). The long-term intake of high doses of acetamiprid can lead to breast cancer in adult mouse models and rib malformations in fetal mice (Green et al.2005a,b). Acetamiprid also causes mutagenesis in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro, and has a synergistic mutagenesis effect with alpha-cypermethrin (Kocaman and Topaktaş 2010). Additionally, it affects male reproductive function through inducing oxidative stress in the testes (Zhang 2011).
Protective effect of Nigella sativa oil against acetamiprid induced reproductive toxicity in male rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Rachid Mosbah, Zouhir Djerrou, Alberto Mantovani
Acetamiprid is highly effective against insects that have gained resistance to organophosphate, carbamate and synthetic pyrethroid (Si et al.2005). The acute toxicity data indicate that acetamiprid is moderately toxic via the oral route in mammals with DL50: 217 mg/kg for male rat, it is rapidly and almost completely absorbed, widely distributed into the tissues and being found at highest concentrations in gastrointestinal tract, adrenal gland, liver and kidney (EPA 2002).