Outdoor Air Pollution
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
This depletion allows for the inability to handle the myriad of odors coming into the chemically sensitive individual. This then triggers a cascade of altered physiology response causing weakness, fatigue, and sensitivity to other foods and chemicals, nutrient need occurs. Considering the OS as a powerful promoter of other cellular pathways involved in disease processes and as a unique attendant in inflammatory responses, it has been put in the spotlight of the most mechanistic studies regarding the association of pesticide's exposure with chronic disorders. OS has been implicated in the onset and progression of pesticide-induced PD.157 In this regard, organochlorine pesticides have been reported to cause degeneration of dopaminergic neurons by an oxidative-dependent pathway in Parkinson's model.158,159 Additionally, disrupting effects of organophosphates on glucose homeostasis have been reportedly linked to oxidative damages and inflammatory CKs and thought to be compensatory responses accompanied with reduced insulin signaling in insulin-sensitive organs such as liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.160,161 As such, further disruption of glucose homeostasis in diabetic models of laboratory animals exposed to organophosphate insecticides has been associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation and decreased activity of AO enzymes.162 OS has also been reported to be involved in nephrotoxicity of some pesticides, including diazinon, acephate, and paraquat.163–165
Metabonomics analysis of serum from rats given long-term and low-level cadmium by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Liyan Hu, Lu Bo, Meiyan Zhang, Siqi Li, Xiujuan Zhao, Changhao Sun
Metabonomics is defined as “the quantitative measurement of the dynamic multiparametric metabolic response of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli or genetic modifications” (Nicholson et al., 1999), which can be used to measure the metabolic products of cells, tissues, organs or biological fluids (Beger & Sun, 2010; Roux et al., 2011). The application of metabolic profiling analysis can directly reveal the changes of small molecule metabolites and accurately reflect the status of biological systems (Nie et al., 2014). At the same time, metabonomics has shown great potential insight into disease processes, biomarker identification and toxicological mechanism (Lian et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2015). Currently, metabonomics has been widely used in the field of drug discovery and food safety (Mastrangelo et al., 2014; Rubert et al., 2015), which has become a useful tool in investigating the biochemical effects of toxic substances. For example, Hou et al. (2015) have studied the toxic effects of acephate administration on rats using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS). The results indicated that exposure to acephate disrupted the metabolism of lipids and amino acids, induced oxidative stress, caused neurotoxicity and resulted in liver dysfunction.
A new method for determining the benchmark dose tolerable region and endpoint probabilities for toxicology experiments
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2020
Naha J. Farhat, Edward L. Boone, David J. Edwards
The proposed methods will be illustrated using the organophosphorus pesticides (OP) dataset from Moser et al. [17], who used lab experiments on rats to measure neurotoxicity as a result of exposure to pesticides commonly used in agriculture such as acephate, diazinon, dimethoate and malathion and using simulated data (see the supplementary material). Neurotoxicity for rats might be measured in terms of multiple endpoints or responses such as blood cholinesterase, brain cholinesterase, motor activity, and tail pinch, such that a decrease in any of these measurements is considered adverse. For simplicity in presentation, and to be able to visualize the tolerable region, our method is described only for the case of two stressors or chemicals exposure. We will discuss exposure to more than two stressors and visualizing multidimensional region in a separate manuscript.
Thinking about infertility from a mixed-methods perspective: the need to look at toxicity in rural India
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2022
Anindita Majumdar, Asif Qureshi
Rural environments in India have been identified as “toxic landscapes” due to rampant use of pesticides.26 The overall use of chemical pesticides in India has steadily increased from 56,280 megatonnes in 2014–2015 to about 60,599 megatonnes in 2019–2020.27 Most important indigenously produced pesticides were orthophosphates and organochlorines (e.g. 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), acephate, profenofos, cypermethrin, chlorphyriphos). Pesticide exposure leads to overall health impairment, including immune suppression, hormone disruption, adverse intellectual development, reproductive abnormalities, and cancer.28 The herbicide 2,4-D has been associated with poor semen quality.29 Significant asthenospermia (reduced sperm motility), necrospermia (low content of live and high content of immotile sperms), and teratospermia (abnormal sperm morphology) were found in 32 farm sprayers exposed to 2,4-D compared to control subjects.30 Abnormal spermatozoa rose in abundance and permanence. The authors recommended routine clinical and toxicological check-ups, protection from exposure and intervals with no exposure; however, teratospermia was observed to remain after a short recovery period.30 In another study, semen concentrations, percentage of sperms with normal morphology, and percentage of motile sperms were lower in subjects with elevated levels of herbicides alachlor and atrazine and insecticide diazinon, and poor sperm quality was observed in subjects with elevated levels of 2,4-D and another herbicide, metolachlor.29 However, the only detrimental exposure-related parameters mentioned in Indian national health surveys and rural health missions are the consumption of tobacco and alcohol.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Insecticide
- Organophosphate
- Oxide
- Sulfur
- Nitrogen
- Rose
- Phytotoxin
- Methamidophos
- Phosphorus