Behavioral Approaches to Enhancing Smoking Cessation
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
This chapter describes a range of approaches and strategies that have shown promise for changing smoking behavior in various settings and across several populations. More than six million deaths worldwide can be attributed to cigarette smoking each year. In high-income countries like the United States, significant strides have been made to reduce the smoking prevalence among certain segments of the population, but there are some areas where gains have been minimal. Indeed, smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and can cause cardiovascular disease, stroke, periodontitis, aneurysms, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, erectile dysfunction, and low bone mineral density. Prior to describing several different behavioral approaches to enhancing smoking cessation, a clarification of the medications that often accompany treatment is needed. Cessation rates are higher among those who participate in a smoking cessation program when compared to those who try to quit without any assistance.
Gingivitis
Charles Theisler in Adjuvant Medical Care, 2022
Gingivitis is the most common form of mild periodontal disease. It causes inflammation, redness, and swelling of the gingiva, or part of the gum, around the base of the teeth. Bleeding gums are a sign of gingivitis, or inflammation of the gums. It is a common and mild form of gum disease caused by a buildup of plaque at the gum-line. The goal of treatment is to reverse the damage from gingivitis and to prevent progression to periodontitis because gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.
Periodontal Disease and Osteomyelitis
Wilson Harvey, Alan Bennett in Prostaglandins in Bone Resorption, 2020
The term periodontal disease includes two major categories: gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis describes an inflammatory condition restricted to the gingiva, while periodontitis involves the tooth-supporting tissues beneath the gingiva. There is now abundant evidence, from epidemiological studies and experimental studies in humans and animals, that the inflammatory changes are provoked by microorganisms in plaque. An obvious way in which to assess the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in periodontal disease is by measuring the effects of PG synthesis inhibitors, and this has been the object of several studies in humans and experimental animals. Osteomyelitis, the response of bone to bacterial infection, is very much the poor relation of bone resorption research. Although the clinical aspects, notably the response to various antibiotic therapies, have received much attention over the years, investigations of the mechanisms involved in the bone destruction which characterizes the chronic disease are sparse.
Association of periodontitis with increased white blood cell count and blood pressure
Published in Blood Pressure, 2005
Kazuo Inoue, Yasuki Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Hanamura, Satoshi Toyokawa
This study aimed to examine the association of periodontitis with white blood cell (WBC) count and blood pressure (BP). In 2002, 424 subjects (manufacturing workers) were investigated for periodontitis by a general dentist. All were Japanese. Among them, 364 subjects (269 men and 95 women) who also attended the next year's (2003) screening were enrolled for this study. Of the 364 subjects, 55 (15.1%) had periodontitis. We also measured the BP and WBC count in periodontitis and non‐periodontitis subjects at baseline and 1‐year later follow‐up. The WBC count was higher in subjects with periodontitis than in subjects without periodontitis, both at baseline [mean±standard error (SE) 6.6×103±0.2×103/ml vs 5.8±0.3×103/ml; p<0.001] and follow‐up (7.0±0.3×103/ml vs 6.5±0.1×103/ml; p = 0.03). The systolic BP was higher in subjects with periodontitis than in subjects without periodontitis, both at the baseline (128.8±2.1 mmHg vs 120.8±0.8 mmHg; p<0.001) and follow‐up (129.2±2.3 mmHg vs 123.0±0.8 mmHg; p = 0.011), and so was the diastolic BP both at baseline (76.1±1.5 mmHg vs 71.2±0.6 mmHg; p = 0.003) and follow‐up (80.5±1.7 mmHg vs 75.4±0.7 mmHg; p = 0.004). Periodontitis is associated with increased BP and WBC count. This finding may provide one underlying pathway linking periodontitis and cardiovascular disease.
in saliva associates with chronic and aggressive periodontitis
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Christian Damgaard, Anne Katrine Danielsen, Christian Enevold, Laura Massarenti, Claus Henrik Nielsen, Palle Holmstrup, Daniel Belstrøm
ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the salivary microbiota of patients with aggressive periodontitis, patients with chronica periodontitis and orally healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 81 unstimulated saliva samples from aggressive periodontitis patients (n = 31), chronic periodontitis patients (n = 25), and orally healthy controls (n = 25) were examined. The V1-V3 region of the 16S rDNA gene was sequenced with Illumina® MiSeqTM, and sequences were annotated to the expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD). Results: A mean percentage of 97.6 (range: 89.8–99.7) of sequences could be identified at species level. Seven bacterial species, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, were identified with significantly higher relative abundance in saliva from aggressive periodontitis patients than in saliva from orally healthy controls. Salivary abundance of P. gingivalis could discriminate aggressive (AUC: 0.80, p = 0.0001) and chronic periodontitis (AUC: 0.72, p = 0.006) from healthy controls. Likewise, salivary presence of P. gingivalis was significantly associated with aggressive (p < 0.0001, RR: 8.1 (95% CI 2.1–31.2)) and chronic periodontitis (p = 0.002, RR: 6.5 (95% CI: 1.6–25.9)). Conclusion: Salivary presence and relative abundance of P. gingivalis associate with aggressive and chronic periodontitis, but do not discriminate between aggressive and chronic periodontitis.
Differences in the oral and intestinal microbiotas in pregnant women varying in periodontitis and gestational diabetes mellitus conditions
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Xin Zhang, Pei Wang, Liangkun Ma, Rongjun Guo, Yongjing Zhang, Peng Wang, Jizhi Zhao, Juntao Liu
ABSTRACT Background: The present study aimed to investigate the potential association between oral and intestinal microbiotas of pregnant women with periodontitis and/or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the second trimester.Methods: Four groups were defined: periodontitis (n = 28), GDM (n = 7), periodontitis + GDM (n = 7), and periodontitis- and GDM-free controls (n = 27). The oral and intestinal microbiomes were analyzed using the 16S rRNA sequencing technique.Results: Periodontitis alone significantly decreased the oral microbial diversity (by Shannon index, p = 0.003) and changed the structure of the oral microbial community (by AMOVA, p 0.001). GDM alone significantly increased the oral microbial diversity (by Shannon index, p = 0.049), and when combined with periodontitis, GDM significantly decreased the intestinal microbial richness (by observed species, p = 0.018) and influenced the structure of intestinal microbial community (by AMOVA, p = 0.043). The differentially abundant microbial taxa among different groups in both oral and intestinal samples were identified by LEfSe analysis, and limited taxa showed consistent trends. The numbers and ratios of oral-intestinal shared operational taxonomical units were the least in the periodontitis + GDM group.Conclusions: A close relationship between the oral microbiota and pregnant periodontitis was shown. Significant changes occur in both the oral and intestinal microbiomes when periodontitis was coupled with GDM. A separate influence of periodontitis and GDM on the oral and intestinal microbiotas may be indicated.