End-of-Life Measures for Severely Compromised Newborns
Gary Seay, Susana Nuccetelli in Engaging Bioethics, 2017
Neonates born at the limit of viability (about 24 weeks of gestation) or before are not only physically small but physiologically immature. Complications from extreme prematurity are associated with short-/long-term disability, including lung and heart disease and serious brain conditions such as internal bleeding and hydrocephalus. There is also a high risk of developing cerebral palsy, cognitive and behavioral disorders, vision and hearing problems, infections, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Preemies who survive often need long stays in a neonate intensive care unit (NICU), where their subtle changes in vital signs can be constantly monitored and life supports provided. NICU stays of more than three months are not uncommon, generating considerable financial burdens on families and the health care system, since each day of intensive care is formidably expensive.
Water-based disease and microbial growth *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
This genus of Gram-negative bacteria are important opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised persons but are also capable of causing infections in healthy individuals. P. aeruginosa is the species most commonly associated with ear, eye, skin, wound and respiratory infections. Infections, particularly folliculitis (infection of the hair follicles), can be associated with swimming pools, whirlpools, hot tubs and contact lens solutions (Mena and Gerba, 2009), but ear infections can also occur in people swimming in natural waters. It is even capable of growth to large numbers in distilled or reverse-osmosis treated water. In hospitals transmission is related to their growth in the drinking water taps and generation of aerosols. It can be a particular problem in neonatal intensive care. Although P. aeruginosa can be found in drinking water it is not ubiquitous. It is sensitive to common water disinfectants and only occurs in those regions of a water distribution system where residual disinfectant concentrations are low or non-existent.
DRCOG MCQs for Circuit C Questions
Una F. Coales in DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips, 2020
Mortality rates:Maternal mortality rates are reported every 3 years.Maternal mortality rate is the number of maternal deaths while pregnant or within 42 days of abortion or delivery, not from accidental or incidental causes, per 100 000 births.Stillbirth mortality rate is the number of stillbirths after 24 weeks' gestation per 1000 total births.Neonatal mortality rate is the number of deaths of all liveborn infants within the first 28 days per 1000 live births.Perinatal mortality rate is the number of stillbirths and first-week neonatal deaths per 1000 total births.
Risk factors and predictive model for abdominal wound dehiscence in neonates: a retrospective cohort study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Shouxing Duan, Xuan Zhang, Xuewu Jiang, Wenhui Ou, Maxian Fu, Kaihong Chen, Xinquan Xie, Wenfeng Xiao, Lian Zheng, Shuhua Ma, Jianhong Li
In China, a neonate is defined as a baby aged less than 28 days. A preterm infant is defined as a baby born at a gestational age (GA) <37 weeks, and a term infant is defined as a baby born at a GA ≥37 weeks. The hypoproteinemia standard is albumin <35 g/L. Neonatal anaemia is characterized by venous haemoglobin (HB) <130 g/L or peripheral blood HB ≤145 g/L within 2 weeks of birth; after 2 weeks of birth, anaemia is characterized by venous blood HB ≤115 g/L. Neonatal anaemia is classified as follows: if the infant’s age is less than or equal to 2 weeks and the HB level is between 100 and 145 g/L, the condition is classified as mild to moderate anaemia; if the HB level is less than 100 g/L, it is classified as severe anaemia. If the infant’s age is more than 2 weeks and the HB level is between 80 and 115 g/L, it is classified as mild to moderate anaemia; if the HB level is less than 80 g/L, it is considered to be severe anaemia. Surgical incision type can be divided into the following three categories: type I incision (clean incision): sterile incision that can be sutured; type II incision (possibly contaminated incision): suture incision that may be contaminated during surgery; and type III incision (contaminated incision): refers to the adjacent infected area or tissue directly exposed to the infection [6].
Prevalence and determinants of congenital cytomegalovirus infection at a rural South African central hospital in the Eastern Cape
Published in Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2018
Donald Tshabalala, Howard Newman, Charles Businge, Sikhumbuzo A Mabunda, Waldette Kemp, Pakama Beja
Sample size was calculated using the formula: n = Z2 α P(100-P)/e2. Assuming a precision (e) of 2.5%, and an alpha α = 0.05, the sample size required was 302.14,15 Maternal characteristics collected included maternal age, maternal parity, mode of delivery, maternal rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and maternal HIV status. The neonatal demographics included chronological age at testing, gender, gestational age at birth, birth weight, length at birth and head circumference at birth. The head circumference was measured within 48 hours of birth. The gestational age (in completed weeks) was determined either by obstetric estimation or by paediatric newborn examination. Neonates were classified as small for gestational age (less than the 10th percentile) or adequate for gestational age (the 10th percentile or greater) according to a standard reference curve.
The relationship between poor glycaemic control at different time points of gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy outcomes
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Hong-Bin Xu, Min-Hui Li, Xiao-Fang Tang, Jing Lu
Information on baseline characteristics and pregnancy outcome were collected from the pregnant women’s medical records, gestational diabetes clinical records, laboratory system storage data and delivery records. The follow-up period began with the GDM diagnosis and ended with the re-examination at six weeks postpartum. Maternal demographic and basic clinical data included age, height, gravidity, parity, prenatal weight, prenatal BMI and intervention (diet and exercise or insulin therapy). The following information was included in pregnancy complications: caesarean delivery, PPH, HDCP, PROM and scarred uterus. Neonatal health parameters include neonatal jaundice, neonatal asphyxia, birth weight (neonatal weight less than 2500 g is defined as low birth weight and neonatal weight over 4000 g is foetal macrosomia), premature delivery (delivery before 37 weeks of pregnancy) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Birth weights of neonates were obtained from maternity records. The weights of the naked newborns were taken immediately after delivery using the electronic scale.
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