Growth Assessment
Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia in Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Puberty refers to the physical changes that occur during adolescence, including growth in stature and development of secondary sexual characteristics. The latter occurs in a series of events that also follows a predictable pattern, with some individual variation in sequence and timing of onset (between 8 and 13 years in girls and 9.5 and 14 years in boys). Sexual maturation can happen gradually or with several changes at once. Tanner staging is a sexual maturity rating system used to define physical measures of sexual development, including breast changes in females, genital changes in males, and pubic hair changes in both females and males. Tanner staging is commonly used to define the pre- or peri-pubertal stage of a child at a single point in time (Appendix B). In boys, the first change is testicular development followed by penile growth and pubic hair development. In girls, the first change is breast development followed by the appearance of pubic hair which is then followed by menarche.
Young key populations in Southern Africa
Kaymarlin Govender, Nana K. Poku in Preventing HIV Among Young People in Southern and Eastern Africa, 2020
The research on young people who are members of key populations is central here because of the youthful “demographic bulge” of the countries of the SADC region and also because of the specific sets of determinants which affect young people’s health outcomes particularly. In all five countries studied here, as in the region more generally, the majority of the population is under 25 years old. The health of these young people is thus central for the future health of the country and the region. A focus on young people is also necessary and justified by a life-course approach to health, which makes it evident that poor sexual and reproductive health during this period of life will have severe ongoing consequences for the whole of an individual’s lifespan. The complex physical, psychological, emotional and social changes that take place during adolescence have immediate and long-term implications for individuals. For example, the onset of puberty is linked to the initiation of sexual activity and subsequent exposure to the risk of pregnancy and STIs, including HIV. Awareness of sexual orientation and gender identity may emerge or become clearer during this period. Social determinants of health are also very specific to the period of adolescence and early adulthood, with an increased influence of family and peer networks (Viner et al., 2012).
Psychosocial Treatment of Anxiety Disorders Across the Lifespan
Stephen M. Stahl, Bret A. Moore in Anxiety Disorders: A Guide for Integrating Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy, 2013
Cognitive developments in adolescence include an increased capacity for planning, focusing attention, social perspective taking, metacognition, and persistence in adhering to a plan. Therapists can build upon these emerging skills to help individuals cope with anxious feelings. For example, anxious individuals tend to perceive events in distorted and overly pessimistic ways. Planning is a useful mood-management tool. One can plan a stress-relieving event to follow a long day of exams. One can plan to bring a friend or plan what to say at a social event. The allocation of one's attention is important for mood management. The hypochondriac who feels compelled toward internet illness searches can intentionally divert his or her attention to a more adaptive topic. The development of metacognition is the capacity to think about one's own thinking. The capacity to identify when one's thinking has become distorted creates the opportunity for the adolescent to challenge his or her own thoughts about themselves, others, and the future and to then develop a more helpful and realistic perspective. Therapists can teach adolescents how to mobilize these novel abilities in order to better cope with anxiety-provoking experiences. The last skill is an increased ability to persist; changing something about oneself is hard, and persistence is essential.
A safety review of prophylaxis drugs for adolescent patients with hereditary angioedema
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Henriette Farkas, Zsuzsanna Balla
In this review article, we discuss an overview of the safety data from a clinical trial of drugs currently used for the prophylactic treatment of C1 INH-HAE in adolescent patients. Within the pediatric population, those aged 12 years and over are divided into the adolescent group and those under 12 years into the childhood group. However, adolescence is defined by the WHO as the period of life between childhood and adulthood, between the ages of 10 and 19. In order to answer the question of the safety profile of prophylactic drugs for adolescent patients with hereditary angioedema, a systematic review of available publications collected up to December 31, 2022 was performed in PubMed using the following keywords: hereditary angioedema and prophylaxis, 371 English-language results were found for the titles containing the search terms hereditary angioedema and prophylaxis. Adding the keyword pediatric to the search narrowed the results to 24 hits. The analysis of these articles was supplemented by an analysis of the reported results of completed clinical trials (n = 14) on hereditary angioedema/prophylaxis including children under 18 years of age at https://clinicaltrials.gov/.”
Management of adolescents with hidradenitis suppurativa
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Erin Collier, Vivian Y. Shi, Jennifer L. Hsiao
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating chronic inflammatory skin disorder presenting as painful nodules, abscesses, and sinus tracts with predilection for intertriginous sites (1). HS is often accompanied by malodor, drainage, and scarring that can have devastating consequences on quality of life (QoL), especially during adolescence when patients are particularly vulnerable to challenges related to body image and self-esteem. Adolescence is defined as the period of development that generally occurs between ages 10 and 19 (2). A 2018 population-based study found the overall point prevalence of HS to be 28.1 per 100,000 children and adolescents in the United States (USA) (3). This likely underestimates the true prevalence of this disease given that young HS patients often experience shame, embarrassment or fear leading to delayed presentation to care (4).
Using an evolutionary perspective to understand the relationship between physical aggression and academic performance in late adolescents
Published in Journal of School Violence, 2019
José Antonio Muñoz Reyes, Rómulo Guerra, Pablo Polo, Eduardo Cavieres, Miguel Pita, Enrique Turiégano
Adolescence is a period of psychological and physical changes that take place in a short time (Marshall & Tanner, 1969). It begins with puberty, at between 8.5 and 13 years of age in women and 9.5 and 13.5 years of age in men (Marshall & Tanner, 1969), and it ends at around 19–20 years of age (Bahadur & Hindmarsh,, 2000; Roenneberg et al. 2004). During adolescence the development of physical secondary sexual characteristics (i.e., physical traits that distinguish between men and women, but are not necessarily part of the reproductive system) increases the body differences between the sexes, affecting aspects such as the notorious differences in body strength between men and women (Muñoz-Reyes, Gil-Burmann, Fink & Turiegano, 2012). Since developmental changes also affect the nervous system, sex differences are not only present at a physical level—they also affect behavior (Archer, 2009). One of the more readily apparent behavioral differences between sexes is the dissimilar use women and men do of aggressiveness (Archer, 2009; Wilson & Daly, 1985).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Delayed Puberty
- Heredity
- Precocious Puberty
- Puberty
- Circulatory System
- Respiratory System
- Developmental Biology
- Psychology
- Development of The Human Body
- Preadolescence