Oral Health
K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika in Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
During the first months of life, species of Streptococcus are usually the first pioneering microorganisms to colonize the oral cavity with Streptococcus salivarius found mostly on the tongue dorsum and in saliva, Streptococcus mitis on the buccal mucosa, and Streptococcus sanguinis on the teeth (Socransky and Manganiello 1971; Gibbons and Houte 1975; Smith et al. 1993). The establishment of these herald microorganisms implies local ecological transformations, namely, local redox potential, pH, co-aggregation, and availability of nutrients, thereby enabling more fastidious organisms to colonize after them (Marsh 2000). As a result, we can see the appearance of Prevotellam elaninogenica, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella, Neisseria, and nonpigmented Prevotella (Kononen et al. 1992). Latter, the appearance of teeth surfaces (and with it, the gingival crevice) leads to increases of genera such as Leptotrichia, Campylobacter, Prevotelladenticola, and members of the Fusobacterium and Selenomonas genera (Kononen et al. 1994).
Phosphonic Acids And Phosphonates As Antimetabolites
Richard L. Hilderbrand in The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems, 2018
These species serve as antimetabolites with several systems.141 Species (29) serves as a reasonably potent inhibitor of pig kidney phosphatide phosphohydrolase when measured with phosphatide derived from egg lecithin. The species (30) and (31) were also active in this system, but to a lesser extent. These species are specific rather than general enzyme inhibitors and require sonication for dispersal before activitiy may be observed. This is in correspondence with numerous other observations of decreased solubility with the phosphonic acids as compared to the natural phosphate esters, presumably due to a loss of hydrophilic binding characteristic upon removal of the esteratic oxygen. These species were also reported to cause complete growth inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus salivarius.141
How Bacteria Cause Disease
Keith Struthers in Clinical Microbiology, 2017
The antibodies produced to the cell wall M protein of the streptococcus cross-react with antigenic determinants on the vascular endothelium of the host. The heart valves are the most important anatomical sites affected, as the high flow rate and turbulence around the valves means the complement deposition and the resulting inflammatory response is likely to cause structural damage to the valve. The healing process results in a thickened and abnormal valve (Figure 2.28). Any subsequent damage to the endothelium by turbulence will result in the deposition of platelets and fibrin. Oral streptococci such as Streptococcus salivarius entering the blood following, for example, manipulation of the teeth by dentistry, may settle in these deposits and initiate the process of infective endocarditis.
Effect of a bacteriocin-producing Streptococcus salivarius on the pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum in a model of the human distal colon
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Garreth W. Lawrence, Niamh McCarthy, Calum J. Walsh, Tais M. Kunyoshi, Elaine M. Lawton, Paula M. O’Connor, Máire Begley, Paul D. Cotter, Caitriona M. Guinane
The genus Streptococcus comprises some health-promoting members including strains of the species Streptococcus salivarius. These health-promoting attributes have been identified in the S. salivarius M1822 strain and the commercially available bacteriocin-producing S. salivarius K12 strain. S. salivarius K12 exerts narrow-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes,23 an oral pathogen associated with many oral pathologies including pharyngitis. S. salivarius K12 has shown promise for the treatment of oral streptococcal diseases in numerous clinical trials24 and may also have health benefits at other body sites.25 On the basis of this evidence, there is merit in investigating the application of other S. salivarius strains for health promoting purposes. Here, we screened fecal samples of healthy donors and isolated a potential bacteriocin-producing probiotic designated S. salivarius DPC6993 with antimicrobial activity against F. nucleatum. Then, we investigated the impact of S. salivarius DPC6993 on F. nucleatum in an ex vivo model of the human colon.
Improving the attrition rate of Lanthipeptide discovery for commercial applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Mengxin Geng, Leif Smith
Lanthipeptide producing strains have also been developed as probiotics. Streptococcus salivarius K12, the producing strain of type II lanthipeptides salivaricin A2 and salivaricin B, has been developed as a probiotic by BLIS Technologies Ltd. to inhibit the growth of a potentially pathogenic species Streptococcus pyogenes and maintain oral health [89]. S. mutans, the producing strain of type I lanthipeptide mutacin 1140, was genetically modified to have significantly reduced cariogenicity in order to prevent the outgrowth of disease-causing S. mutans strains by implanting the modified strain in the oral cavity [90]. A patent released recently [91] about replacement therapy for dental caries incorporates a new strategy to modify the mutacin 1140 producing strain, i.e., to mutate structural gene of mutacin 1140 to get elevated amounts of mutacin 1140 analogs or to release mutacin 1140 analogs with increased specific activity, thus reducing the period required for the strain to out compete indigenous, lactic acid-producing strains.
Effectiveness and safety of Bifidobacterium in preventing dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2021
Siyuan Hao, Jiahe Wang, Yan Wang
The World Health Organization defined probiotics in 2001 as ‘live microbial preparations that are beneficial to the health of the host when taken at an appropriate dose’ [7]. Studies have shown that probiotics can adjust the balance of the flora, thereby maintaining gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and oral health [8]. Several clinical trials and systematic reviews have been conducted on the anti-caries effect of probiotics [9–11]. Caglar et al. observed that short-term consumption of yogurt containing Bifidobacterium DN-173010 by young people aged 21–24 reduced Streptococcus mutans counts in the oral cavity compared with the baseline [12]. De-Pierro et al. included 76 children with high caries risk in a randomized controlled trial and discovered that the use of Streptococcus salivarius M18 could reduce the risk of caries in children [13]. Similarly, Hedayati-Hajikand et al. enrolled 138 children aged 2 to 3 years and reported that new caries in the treatment group receiving tablets containing multiple probiotics decreased significantly compared to the placebo group [14]. Concerning the mechanism, some studies suggested that the effects of probiotics on caries prevention were mainly reflected in the regulation of bacterial plaque microbial community, competing for ecological sites with the main cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, regulating the oral pH and acid production capacity of the plaque [15–17].
Related Knowledge Centers
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