Bacterial infections after lung transplantation
Wickii T. Vigneswaran, Edward R. Garrity, John A. Odell in LUNG Transplantation, 2016
Streptococcus pneumoniae infection can result in a variety of invasive diseases, including bacteremia, pneumonia, and meningitis.60 SOT recipients remain at high risk for invasive disease.44,48 The previously mentioned retrospective cohort study in which de Bryun and coworkers investigated invasive pneumococcal infection in LTRs established an incidence rate of 22.7 cases per 1000 person-years. All the available isolates were from the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)-associated serogroups.48 Another prospective population-based surveillance study found the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in sterile sites in their SOT recipients to be 146 episodes of infection per 100,000 persons per year; for comparison, the incidence in the general population was 11.5 per 100,000 persons per year. Rates of resistance to TMP-SMX and penicillin in SOT recipients were not significantly different from those in the general population. Eighty-five percent of the isolates were strains covered by PPSV23.60
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Resistance Update and Treatment Options
Robert C. Owens, Lautenbach Ebbing in Antimicrobial Resistance, 2007
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major worldwide bacterial pathogen responsible for a variety of infections including pneumonia, bacteremia, otitis media, meningitis, sinusitis, and other infections. It is the most common pathogen causing bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (1). Pneumococcal pneumonia has always been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. In the pre-antibiotic era, it carried a 25% to 35% case fatality rate, which increased to 80% if bacteremia was present (2). Following the introduction of penicillin, mortality rates were reduced to below 10% (3). Sixty years later, mortality rates still remain around 12% for all hospitalized patients (1) and up to 25% for those with bacteremia (1,4). The continued significant mortality of pneumococcal disease despite the advances in antimicrobial therapy and intensive care management over the past half-century underscores the innate pathogenicity of this organism.
Bacteria
Julius P. Kreier in Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Capsules are very important to the growth, survival, virulence, and potential success of treatment of diseases caused by many pathogenic bacteria. For example, the encapsulated pathogen: Haemophilus influenzae is estimated to account for approximately 800,000 human infections per year worldwide, with 145,000 of those resulting in death. Encapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae is estimated to cause 100 million cases of pneumonia per year with 10 million fatal, most in Third World countries. Capsules may interfere with phagocytosis or may prevent activation of complement by the alternative pathway. In addition, capsules are known to concentrate many chemical substances including organic nutrients, toxins, and metalions from dilute solution. They also aid in cell survival by retarding desiccation when the organism is in a dry environment. The relative non pathogenicity of noncapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae attests to the role of capsules in promoting virulence. The capsule is not the only virulence factor of those pathogens, however. It is known that at least three other surface structures contribute to the pathogenicity of bacteria. These are outer membrane LPS, outer membrane protein, and surface pili.
Enhancing efficacy of existing antibacterials against selected multiple drug resistant bacteria using cinnamic acid-coated magnetic iron oxide and mesoporous silica nanoparticles
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Noor Akbar, Muhammad Kawish, Tooba Jabri, Naveed Ahmed Khan, Muhammad Raza Shah, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
Among multiple drug resistance (MDR) bacteria, Escherichia coli and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cause several infections including gastroenteritis, meningitis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), skin, respiratory, and other nosocomial infections [11–13]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa being a nosocomial pathogen causes 20% of hospital-acquired infections, bloodstream infections and is prevalent in patients with acute leukemia, burn wounds, cystic fibrosis, and organ transplants [14,15]. Serratia marcescens colonizes the intensive care unit and causes opportunistic infections [16]. A wide spectrum of invasive infections are caused by Klebsiella pneumonia including pneumonia, meningitis, pyogenic liver abscess, UTIs, bloodstream infection, and intra-abdominal infection etc [17]. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia in children and has been isolated from patients with purulent pleuritis [18].
The impact of routine childhood immunization with higher-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on antimicrobial-resistant pneumococcal diseases and carriage: a systematic literature review
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Myint Tin Tin Htar, Anita H.J. van Den Biggelaar, Heather Sings, Germano Ferreira, Margaret Moffatt, Cassandra Hall-Murray, Thomas Verstraeten, Bradford D. Gessner, Heinz-Josef Schmitt, Luis Jodar
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are an important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with the highest disease incidence among infants under 1 year of age, followed by adults over 60 years of age [4]. AMR is common with pneumococcal infections, and this is largely driven by the high use of antimicrobial agents [5]. Pneumococcal serotypes frequently associated with AMR were largely those that were carried by and caused disease in children [6]. Inclusion of these serotypes in the first generation 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7, containing serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F) that was licensed for childhood use in 2000, led to a reduction in pneumococcal disease due to these antimicrobial-resistant strains (particularly those resistant to penicillin and/or erythromycin) in populations with high routine infant vaccine uptake [2,7]. The reduction in pneumococcal AMR that was observed after PCV7 implementation was the result of both direct protection of the vaccine against disease and its indirect effect on reducing carriage and hence transmission to vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations [6]. Nevertheless, non-PCV7 serotypes with high AMR prevalence emerged, such as serotypes 19A and 7F, which limited the overall benefit of PCV7 in reducing disease and AMR [2].
Delayed cerebral thrombosis complicating bacterial meningitis
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Sofie Depoortere, Jonas Toeback, Sophie Lunskens, Erwig Van Buggenhout, Regilio Oedit, Dimitri Hemelsoet
Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Median age was 65 years. Approximately half (54%) of the patients were male. About one-third (35%) were known to have an otitis or sinusitis and one-quarter (26%) had an immunocompromised state. Patients were judged to be immunocompromised when they were using immunosuppressive drugs or had diabetes mellitus, chronic alcohol use, asplenia or HIV infection [1,11]. Presentation with the classic triad of fever, neck stiffness and impaired consciousness (defined as a score on the GCS ≤ 14) occurred in 70%. Most common symptom on initial presentation was impaired consciousness (86%). Brain CT was performed in 24 out of 28 patients. Brain abnormalities were found in four patients and included hydrocephalus, ventriculitis, cerebral edema and combined mastoiditis and pneumocephalus [11–13]. LP was performed to confirm the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in all but one patient [9]. In the latter case, diagnosis was based upon clinical findings and positive blood cultures for Streptococcus pneumoniae [9]. Later in the disease course of this patient, particularly at the time of deterioration, LP was performed, revealing neutrophilic pleocytosis [9]. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the pathogen in 89% of cases. DCT occurred in two patients with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis and in one patient with Staphylococcus aureus meningitis [11,14].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Humoral Immunity
- Pharynx
- Pneumonia
- Streptococcus
- Hemolysis
- Gram-Positive Bacteria
- Diplococcus
- Bacterial Morphological Plasticity
- Pathogenic Bacteria
- Immunodeficiency