Ciclopirox
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
In addition to its broad-spectrum antifungal activity, ciclopirox demonstrates antibacterial activity against a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic as well as anaerobic bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., and Corynebacterium spp. (Kokjohn et al., 2003). Compared with econazole and butenafine hydrochloride, ciclopirox olamine has shown to have the broadest activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro, with an MIC range of 0.06–2 μg/ml (Kokjohn et al., 2003). The antibacterial activity provides ciclopirox with an advantage over most other antimycotic agents in the treatment of mixed cutaneous infections such as in macerated tinea pedis. In another study, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus spp., and Shigella flexneri were inhibited by concentrations of ≤ 15.6 μg/ml (Jue et al., 1985). Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae required concentrations up to 32 μg/ml for inhibition (Jue et al., 1985).
Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts and Fractions of Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae)
Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
In another study by James et al. (2007), the aqueous and methanolic extracts of the leaves and aqueous extracts of the barks were able to inhibit Shigella flexneri. Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli were not susceptible to the extracts investigated. The authors justify this behavior because Gram-negative bacteria have more complex cell structures. According to Silver and Bostian (1993), the same extract can present different inhibition halos for different strains, and this is combined with the specific resistance of each microorganism. The antimicrobial activity of X. americana in this study is directly related to its chemical composition, mainly regarding the presence of tannins and flavonoids.
Inflammatory rheumatic disorders
Ashley W. Blom, David Warwick, Michael R. Whitehouse in Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017
Familial aggregation, overlap with other forms of seronegative spondyloarthropathy in first-degree relatives and a close association with HLA-B27 point to a genetic predisposition, the bowel or genitourinary infection acting as a trigger. Gut pathogens include Shigella flexneri, Salmonella, Campylobacter species and Yersinia enterocolitica. Lymphogranuloma venereum and Chlamydia trachomatis have been implicated as sexually transmitted infections. All these bacteria can survive in human cells; assuming that either the bacterium or a peptide bacterial fragment acts as the antigen, the pathogenesis could be the same as that suggested for ankylosing spondylitis.
Mechanisms of bacillary dysentery: lessons learnt from infant rabbits
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Shigella flexneri is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery (blood in stool) in humans.1 There are more than 270 million cases of shigellosis annually, resulting in more than 200,000 deaths.2 This inflammatory disease is characterized by a dramatic ulceration of the colonic mucosa,3,4 herein referred to as epithelial fenestration. S. flexneri is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and is extremely contagious. Studies in human volunteers showed that the attack rate is above 90% with an infectious dose as low as 100–1000 bacteria per individual.5 Infected patients are usually treated with fluid replacement and antibiotics. The lack of an effective vaccine and the emergence of multiple antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains are a major health concern worldwide.6
A murine model of diarrhea, growth impairment and metabolic disturbances with Shigella flexneri infection and the role of zinc deficiency
Published in Gut Microbes, 2019
Pedro Henrique Q.S. Medeiros, Solanka E. Ledwaba, David T. Bolick, Natasa Giallourou, Lauren K. Yum, Deiziane V.S. Costa, Reinaldo B. Oriá, Eileen M. Barry, Jonathan R. Swann, Aldo Ângelo M. Lima, Hervé Agaisse, Richard L. Guerrant
Shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain 2457T was used, which is widely employed for genetic studies and clinical challenge studies.51 A nonfunctional mxiG strain (ΔmxiG) was generated in the 2457T strain as previously published to test the influence of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS).52 One day before infection, overnight cultures were grown from glycerol stocks in Luria Bertani broth at 37°C. On the following day, 200 μL of the culture was added to 20 mL DMEM at 37°C in a shaking incubator for 4–5 h. OD600 was used for monitoring. Bacterial growth was centrifuged and resuspended in 2 mL of fresh DMEM. Plate counting was used for confirming the inoculum dose. Each infected mouse received an inoculum ~1x108S. flexneri in 100 µL of freshly prepared DMEM; controls received 100 µL of DMEM alone.
Decreased performance of live attenuated, oral rotavirus vaccines in low-income settings: causes and contributing factors
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Daniel E. Velasquez, Umesh Parashar, Baoming Jiang
Many oral vaccines, primarily live ones, have shown reduced immunogenicity and efficacy when used in low-income compared with high-income countries. Reduced performance of oral polio vaccine (OPV) in developing countries is well recognized as a significant obstacle for the eradication of polio by vaccination [40–45]. Also, CVD 103-HgR live cholera vaccine 4144, B subunit-inactivated Vibrio cholera whole cell combination vaccine [46], and SC602 live Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine [47] were less effective in low-income settings. This gradient immunogenicity or protection has been seen in all age groups, from young infants to adults. The causes for reduced efficacy are likely multifactorial and their identification could allow the design of strategies for vaccine improvement. Because of the high burden of rotavirus disease, even a modest improvement in vaccine effectiveness in the individual could nonetheless have significant overall public health impact. In this review, we aim to systematically describe biological and environmental factors associated with low performance of rotavirus vaccines by reviewing the current literature.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Bacteria
- Shigella
- Serotype
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Koch'S Postulates
- Shiga Toxin
- Microfold Cell
- Cytokine
- Neutrophil