Norovirus
Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward in Case Studies in Infectious Disease, 2010
Noroviruses are unenveloped single stranded RNA viruses with an icosahedral capsid, that were formerly known as Norwalk viruses (because of their first identification in Norwalk, USA) or small round structured viruses (SRSVs) – the latter term arose because of their characteristic feathery, ragged appearance lacking a distinct surface structure as seen by electron microscopy (Figure 2A). The noroviruses belong to the family of caliciviruses – the other group of human caliciviruses are the sapoviruses, which when visualized by electron microscopy have a structure distinct from noroviruses with cup-shaped surface depressions giving a ‘Star of David’ appearance (Figure 2B). Sapovirus infection is endemic in childhood, causing occasional cases of diarrhea.
Sapovirus
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Sapovirus (SaV) is an important pathogen of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Human sapovirus was first detected in the stool samples collected from infants with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) by electron microscopy in 1970s.1–3 Being a well-known cause of sporadic AGE in infants and children, SaV also affects other age groups.4–6 Gastroenteritis outbreaks due to foodborne SaV have been reported in numerous settings. Along with norovirus (NoV), SaV remains an important public health problem worldwide, although it demonstrates a lower prevalence than NoV.
Norovirus
Firza Alexander Gronthoud in Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Norovirus belongs to the Caliciviridae family, which is a group of non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses. Another member of this family which causes human infections is sapovirus. The norovirus genus can be subdivided into at least seven genogroups and >40 genotypes. Genogroups II (mostly GII.4), I and infrequently genogroup IV cause human infections. Infections occurring during outbreaks of GII.4 strains are associated with more severe outcomes, including mortality, than infections during outbreaks of non-GII.4 strains.
Rotavirus and illness severity in children presenting with acute gastroenteritis at the primary care out-of-hours service
Published in European Journal of General Practice, 2021
Pien Wolters, G. A Holtman, A. A. H Weghorst, M. Knoester, M. Y. Berger
In line with other studies of children with acute gastroenteritis [2,4,23], over half of the children (65.3%) in our study were infected with rotavirus. More than half (57.3%) also had a coinfection, a common phenomenon [24]. The combination of adenovirus and rotavirus (28.0%) occurred most frequently, consistent with research in which 27.4% of children were shown to be infected with this combination [24]. Sapovirus and adenovirus infections were also frequently present in coinfections but the pathogenicity of these viruses was questionable because their viral loads were often lower than those of the coinfections. We also cannot exclude the possibility that adenovirus was shed into the faeces after a recent respiratory tract infection, instead of being a primary gastroenteritis-causing pathogen. A study among hospitalised children also found adenovirus infection to be relatively common (23%), with most cases present as part of a coinfection (73%). Sapovirus has been reported to be present as a coinfection in only one case [4].
The incidence of laboratory-confirmed cases of enteric pathogens in Denmark 2018: a national observational study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Anna Tølbøll Svendsen, Hans Linde Nielsen, Peter Bytzer, John Eugenio Coia, Jørgen Engberg, Hanne Marie Holt, Lars Lemming, Steen Lomborg, Ea Sofie Marmolin, Bente Scharvik Olesen, Leif Percival Andersen, Steen Ethelberg, Anne Line Engsbro
Using a PCR method yielded higher incidences for most enteric pathogens compared to bacterial culture, virus antigen-test, or microscopy for intestinal parasites (Table 2). The diagnostic methods differed between departments of clinical microbiology (Supplementary Tables 4 and 5), particularly for the bacterial pathogens for which seven departments used culture-based methods and only three departments performed PCR on faecal material for the same pathogens. For diagnostics of DEC including STEC, the majority used a culture-based method with subsequent PCR on cultured isolates for differentiation while four departments performed PCR directly on faeces. For the viral pathogens, nine of 10 tested for norovirus, rotavirus and adenovirus, only half tested for sapovirus and three for astrovirus (Supplementary Table S4). The majority of departments of clinical microbiology used PCR for detection of enteric parasites (Supplementary Table S4).
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