Bacteria and Bioactive Peptides
Prakash Srinivasan Timiri Shanmugam in Understanding Cancer Therapies, 2018
In spite of significant anticancer activity of several bacterial strains, Salmonella sp. is known to play considerable role as an anticancer agent, including direct attachment, invasion, and destruction of tumor cells. Bacteria act as antigens for the production of antibody to specific tumor components. Salmonella enterica strains are facultative intracellular enteric pathogens that can produce localized enteritis and disseminated systemic disease in humans and a variety of other vertebrates (Ohl and Miller 2001). The bacterium is also pathogenic to a variety of domestic and wild animals. The bacteria initially infect the intestinal tract and cause widespread destruction of the intestinal mucosa. In addition to this, Salmonella strains can also produce serious and fatal infections with considerable cytopathology in a number of systemic organs using specific virulence mechanisms to induce host cell death. Salmonella rapidly disseminate to systemic organs of the reticuloendothelial system by a mechanism dependent on CD18-positive cells (Vazquez-Torres et al. 1999). The bacteria attach to the intestinal epithelial cells and induce uptake of the bacteria into specialized membrane-bound vesicles called Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs) (Knodler and Steele-Mortimer 2003), which requires the function of a type III protein secretion system (TTSS) encoded in the Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) locus (Galan 2001).
Waterborne zoonoses *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Salmonella enterica is divided into six subspecies: arizonae, diarizonae, enterica, houtenae, indica and salamae. However, the species has over 2,500 serovars, with each serovar belonging to one of these distinct subspecies. This large amount of antigenic variety corresponds to some extent with an equally large variety of potential geographical and host species sources of the organism. Salmonella entericacan be isolated from most species of mammals, reptiles and birds. In some host species it is essentially a commensal, while in others it may result in high levels of morbidity and mortality. Most human infections are associated with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica which includes more than 1,500 different serovars of the organism (Litrup et al. 2010). Certain serovars are found in a large number of host species while others appear to be highly host-adapted.
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Subsequently, there has been the emergence of strains resistant to chloramphenicol, AMP, and AMOX (see section 2b, Emerging resistance and cross-resistance), and in some parts of the world also to cotrimoxazole. One of the fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, or a third-generation cephalosporin, such as ceftriaxone, is often recommended to treat typhoid fever, although resistance to these agents is also appearing (see Chapter 101, Ciprofloxacin). The diagnosis and management of Salmonella enterica infections has been recently reviewed by a number of authors (Butler, 2011; Tatavarthy et al., 2014; Crump et al., 2015). Overall, traditional first-line drugs such as chloramphenicol, AMP, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are now generally ineffective, and fluoroquinolone resistance has emerged. The latter being linked to chromosomal mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and by plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms. Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins has occurred more often in nontyphoidal than in typhoidal salmonella strains. Where fluoroquinolone resistance is common, azithromycin appears to be effective for the management of uncomplicated typhoid fever (Crump et al., 2015).
Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in pediatric patients: a single center experience and factors that influenced patient prognosis
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2019
Melahat Melek Oguz, Gurses Sahin, Esma Altinel Acoglu, Emine Polat, Husniye Yucel, Fatma Zehra Oztek Celebi, Hilal Unsal, Meltem Akcaboy, Eyup Sari, Saliha Senel
HLH has been typically triggered by viral infections, but pyogenic infections may also be the cause.[15] In our study, two patients were diagnosed with brucellosis. Zoonotic diseases are an important cause of HLH. In the literature, Brucella-induced HLH cases were reported rarely among children.[16,17] Both of the Brucella cases in our study presented with HLH. When we were investigating the HLH etiology, the Brucella agglutination test was found to be positive. In patients with secondary HLH, especially in the endemic areas, taking into account brucellosis as a predisposing factor is vital. Treatment of HLH with steroids and/or chemotherapy agents induces inherent risks during a systemic brucellosis. Typically, HLH is cured after appropriate treatment of Brucella infection.[16] One of the other triggering pyogenic infections was S. typhi. In that patient’s blood and stool cultures, Salmonella enterica was observed. In a previous study in India, 2 of 30 HLH patients had typhoid fever as the underlying cause.[18]
Integrated Profiling of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotic Genomes, Proteomes and Metabolomes Revealed Small Molecules with Differential Growth Inhibition of Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Petronella R. Hove, Nora Jean Nealon, Siu Hung Joshua Chan, Shea M. Boyer, Hannah B. Haberecht, Elizabeth P. Ryan
The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate used in this study was collected from the human intestinal tract at Washington State University in 2010 and provided as a generous gift from Dr. Sangeeta Rao, Colorado State University. The AMR E. coli and K. oxytoca isolates were collected from environmental water samples in Northern Colorado using published methods (13). Briefly, water samples were collected using sterile Pyrex wide-mouth storage bottles which were immediately placed on ice and kept in a light-sensitive container until analysis approximately 1 h following sample collection. Water samples were diluted into CHROMagar-ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase) and CHROMagar-KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) (DRG Diagnostics, Springfield, NJ) media to identify and isolate individual colonies. Isolated colonies were incubated in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 37 °C for ∼18 h. Colony identities were made to species-level using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight analysis (MALDI) on a VITEK-MS machine (Biomerieux, Durham, NC).
Interactions between host and gut microbiota in domestic pigs: a review
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Yadnyavalkya Patil, Ravi Gooneratne, Xiang-Hong Ju
Salmonella enterica is a pathogen that can induce substantial changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. For instance, disturbances in the porcine colon and cecal microbiota occur when challenged with S. enterica.145 The microbiota profiles in the S. enterica-challenged pigs were similar to each other yet varied markedly from the non-challenged controls. Statistically significant increases were observed in proportions of Anaerobacter, Prevotella, Barnesiella, Pediococcus, Sporacetigenium, Turicibacter, Catenibacterium, Xylanibacter and Pseudobutyrivibrio in the challenged pigs. Furthermore, in mice studies, inflammation has been shown to be induced in response to bacterial infection by species such as Citrobacter rodentium or S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium, or by chemical inducers such as dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, or in response to genetic deficiencies such as in the interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10−/-) mouse model.146-148 These factors function to change the composition of the intestinal microbiota by reducing both the quantity and diversity of resident intestinal bacteria. Similarly, the Enterobacteriaceae count has been shown to increase in mice following the induction of colitis by treatment with DSS.149 Enteric infections caused by pathogens such as the porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses, Brachyspira hampsonii and Lawsonia intracellularis also influence the gut microbial composition and cause dysbiosis.145,150,151 These viruses cause substantial reduction in the pig microbiota diversity to one dominated by the bacterial phylum Fusobacteria. In contrast, control pigs that were not exposed to the virus exhibited a rich microbial diversity with Firmicutes in the majority.150
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