Emerging Potential of In Vitro Diagnostic Devices: Applications and Current Status
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti in Medicinal Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2019
Recent technological advancements have created rapid diagnostic test kit for detecting within a very short time period. However, lack of expertise and resources limit the performance of diagnostic kit. Conventional diagnostic methods are more reliable in this aspect, but time for predicting results and lack of ultra sensitivity are the limitations. To overcome the limitations of conventional methods and kits and to improve the sensitivity, reliability, applicability and consumer compliance different researchers are involved in the synthesis and application of different nanomaterials in the form of nanodiagnostic devices and also trying to develop different nanoanalytical techniques [20]. Nanodiagnostics include nanotechnology-based products like nanoparticle, nanoparticle-based immunoassays, biochips/microarrays, nanoscale visualization, nanoparticle-based nucleic acid diagnostics, nano-biosensors, nanoproteomic-based diagnostics, nano-machines, etc.
Microbiological Diagnosis of Viral Diseases
Nancy Khardori in Bench to Bedside, 2018
Common applications for diagnosis of viral infections include the detection of HBsAg and HBeAg for hepatitis B, and NS1 antigen for dengue, usually by ELISA, in serum samples. Respiratory viral antigens are detected by immunofluorescence for the diagnosis of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus infection. Immunofluorescence is also used for the detection of HCMV pp65 antigen in blood neutrophils. Rotavirus antigen can be detected in feces by ELISA or a latex agglutination test. The latter is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), i.e., one of the tests which can give results within 30 minutes. ICT-based RDTs are also available for some of these applications and the variety and use of such tests is growing rapidly. These tests are also known as point-of-care (POC) tests, since they are visually readable, do not require any special instruments and can be used under field conditions. The main limitation of RDTs for antigen/antibody detection is that their sensitivity is currently lower than EIAs.
Diagnostic Approach to Fulminant Hepatitis in the Critical Care Unit
Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha in Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Yellow fever (YF) is a viral disease endemic to the tropical regions of Africa and South America; it is spread primarily by Aedes aegypti. It has a high case fatality rate and can manifest with life-threatening disease associated with fever, jaundice, renal failure, and hemorrhage. In severe cases, hepatic coma and death may develop. Laboratory abnormalities include marked transaminase elevations (AST > ALT), with mildly elevated ALP, direct bilirubin levels, and a prolonged INR [35]. Diagnosis is made by ELISA for IgM and is confirmed by a rise in titer between paired acute and convalescent samples. Rapid diagnostic test using PCR to detect virus in the blood and viral culture can also be used. Liver biopsy should be avoided in the acute phase of yellow fever, as fatal hemorrhage may occur [36]. There is no specific therapy for YF, and treatment includes fluids and supportive care.
Evaluation of the Biofire Filmarray Pneumonia panel plus for lower respiratory tract infections
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2020
Alicia Edin, Hinnerk Eilers, Annika Allard
Rapid molecular testing has potential to reduce the use of broad-spectrum empirical treatment in LRTI [14], but the results are so far conflicting [3]. The clinical value of a rapid diagnostic test is likely dependent on multiple factors, such as local antimicrobial prescription practices, severity of the infection, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns as well as clinical routines concerning isolation and cohort care. The Biofire® Filmarray® Pneumonia panel plus (Biomérieux) is a newly developed, commercially available diagnostic panel for LRTI, targeting 18 bacterial pathogens, 9 viruses and 7 AMR genes, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. It has an integrated sample preparation step, which limits the hands-on time to less than 5 min, and a run-time of about 1 h.
Plasma mEV levels in Ghanain malaria patients with low parasitaemia are higher than those of healthy controls, raising the potential for parasite markers in mEVs as diagnostic targets
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2020
Samuel Antwi-Baffour, Memory Malibha-Pinchbeck, Dan Stratton, Samireh Jorfi, Sigrun Lange, Jameel Inal
Accurate and early diagnosis of malaria remains an essential strategy for bringing about early treatment, to reduce the risk of severe disease, and so prevent further transmission [7]. Whilst the main diagnostic test for malaria remains the identification of parasites in blood films by microscopy, there are alternatives. These include the rapid diagnostic test that detects antigen (but lacks sensitivity), serology using ELISA or IFA to detect previous infection and molecular tests, which are the most accurate, but also expensive. There is therefore still a need to develop technologies with improved throughput and cost effectiveness, for use in the field [46]. As the possibility of using EVs in the diagnosis of various diseases gains traction [47], the prospect of using plasma EVs as a potential target for diagnosis of infectious disease is in particular gaining interest [21].
Schistosome proteomics: updates and clinical implications
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2022
William Castro-Borges, R Alan Wilson
Theoretically, stage-specific proteins of eggs released by death in gut or liver tissue will result in gradual leakage of thousands of mainly miracidial proteins. If these elicited a measurable antibody response, they could provide an indicator of previous and current worm load. Miracidial SmE16 mentioned above, identified as calcium-binding [97], was used for that purpose over the time course of a vaccination experiment in chimpanzees [98], revealing a much stronger antibody response in the challenge control animals with a higher worm burden. A recent immunoproteomic study found the second dominant miracidial protein, Sm-p40, to be strongly recognized by human sera in an area of Brasil endemic for S. mansoni infections [99]. Used as a diagnostic, recombinant Sm-p40 performed well in an IgG-ELISA to detect individuals with extreme low-intensity infections (one egg per gram of feces) and could prove a useful tool to determine the true prevalence of schistosome infection in low-endemic areas, which is underestimated by fecal smear techniques [100]. Indeed, it could form the basis for an antibody-based rapid diagnostic test in the field. Interrogation of the SchistoCyte website [31], indicates that SmE16 (Smp_096390) is very weakly expressed in a few adult clusters while Sm-p40 (Smp_302280) is not detected in any, underscoring their specificity for detecting tissue eggs.
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