Microbiological contamination of manufactured products: official and unofficial limits
R. M. Baird, S. F. Bloomfield in Microbial quality assurance in cosmetics, toiletries and non-sterile Pharmaceuticals, 2017
Profound changes have of course been witnessed in the past 40 years or so in hospital practice, particularly in the type of patients who are now being treated there. The widespread use of chemotherapeutic, antibiotic, immunosuppressant or cytotoxic agents on susceptible individuals, such as neonates, the elderly and others debilitated by intensive and advanced surgery, has brought about significant changes in the types and numbers of infections seen in hospitals today, and to a lesser extent in the general community. Opportunist Gram-negative pathogens have been held responsible for an increasing number of infections in such patients. Some of these infections are known to have originated from contaminated pharmaceutical, cosmetic and toiletry products. Incidents of infection associated with contamination in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and toiletries were reviewed in detail in chapter 2 from which it can be seen that many of these incidents have been characterized by the involvement of a previously unappreciated risk in a group of susceptible and debilitated patients. Infections due to Pseudomonas spp. have been the most notorious group in the past, but other organisms such as Acinetobacter spp., Serratia spp., Aeromonas spp., Alkaligenes spp. and Enterobacter spp. have also featured increasingly often (Ramphal and Kluge 1979). At the same time, it should be remembered that reported cases represent a mere fraction of incidents occurring in practice, many of which remain undetected for a variety of reasons.
Pseudomonas
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Pseudomonas spp. is one of the most common environmental isolates, from sources such as soil, water (in any form from ice, rain water, to river), and plants, contributing to the ubiquitous nature of the bacteria.37 Therefore, ingestion of contaminated food and water can facilitate colonization of these species in susceptible individuals, leading to mortality and morbidity.38 The most commonly isolated and well-studied Pseudomonas are human pathogenic species that cause various secondary infections in a hospital setting. The ability of Pseudomonas to thrive on vast surfaces with minimal growth requirement has made it a persistent habitant of hospitals. The bacterium is isolated from the surface of medical instruments, disinfectants, saline solution, as well as from biofilms in catheters and other medical implants. Immunocompromised patients are most commonly and extremely susceptible to serious infections with Pseudomonas species.39,40Pseudomonas spp. have also been isolated from the throat and stool samples of healthy humans. The spread of Pseudomonas occurs mainly through contact with contaminated surfaces, through ingestion of contaminated food and water, and from patients to health-care workers, and vice versa.41,42
Health care settings *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
In some countries like France, Germany and the United Kingdom, Pseudomonas aeruginosamust be controlled in drinking water by regular drinking water monitoring. Pseudomonas aeruginosashould not be isolated in 100 ml. Well managed plumbing systems without chlorine are free of Pseudomonas aeruginosa even up to 1 l. In the case of sporadic infections, and especially in Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreaks, water sinks and sinks drainage must be excluded as reservoirs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The evidence of transmission from sink drainage system to the hands of health care workers when washing their hands leads to the development of automatic disinfected sink drainage systems by which the rate of colonization and infection could be significantly reduced.
Antimicrobial susceptibility and sessile behaviour of bacteria isolated from a minimally processed vegetables plant
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Ana Meireles, Sílvia Faia, Efstathios Giaouris, Manuel Simões
Additionally, P. oryzihabitans produced the denser biofilms. The strong biofilm producing ability of P. oryzihabitans has already been described in previous studies (Wang et al. 2005; Mann and Wozniak 2012). Pseudomonas spp. are commonly isolated from vegetables and their processing environments (Jackson et al. 2013; Karumathil et al. 2016; Nubling et al. 2016) and are also known to dominate in multi-species biofilm communities (Giaouris et al. 2013; Langsrud et al. 2016; Papaioannou et al. 2018) as was also observed in the present study. The study of biofilm regrowth revealed that only P. oryzihabitans was able to regrow significantly from SH treatment. Moreover, the exposure to PA allowed further biofilm regrowth of nine of the isolates (Arthrobacter sp., Bacillus sp., M. luteus, C. indoltheticum, P. oryzihabitans, P. poae, P. putida, S. faecium and S. maltophilia). Even if PA is regarded as an attractive alternative to SH, the present results demonstrate its lower effectiveness in killing the biofilm and preventing its reseed. Indeed, surfaces treated with a disinfectant could retain a bacteriostatic film due to the adsorption of the chemical on the surface (Forsythe and Hayes 2000). This film would prevent the subsequent growth of residual bacteria. Nevertheless, in this study it was proved that neither of the disinfectants, particularly PA, induced suppression of biofilm recovery.
Epibiotic bacteria on the carapace of hawksbill and green sea turtles
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Javad Loghmannia, Ali Nasrolahi, Sergey Dobretsov
16S amplicon sequencing showed that Pseudoruegeria (class Alphaproteobacteria) was the dominant bacterium on the stones of all sites. Previously, Pseudoruegeria had been isolated from mud, sediments, and water samples (Yoon et al. 2007; Jung et al. 2010). The genus Pseudomonas and an unidentified cyanobacterium were the dominant bacteria in sea turtles. Pseudomonas sp. was also found in sea turtle nests and is considered responsible for hatching failure (Capri et al. 2023). This species was previously described as the dominant biofilm bacterium on the body surface of the coral Oculina patagonica (Koren and Rosenberg 2006). The presence of Pseudomonas spp. on the surface of marine organisms, including sea turtles, could prevent the settlement of epibionts (Burgess et al. 2003). A study by McKnight et al. (2020) showed that cyanobacteria are a common bacterial species in freshwater turtles. Similarly, cyanobacteria, such as Scytonematopsis crustacea, Leibleinia gracilis, and Lyngbya sordida, were detected on loggerhead turtles in a recent study in the Mediterranean Sea (Blasi et al. 2021). The presence of cyanobacteria on the carapace of sea turtles could be due to the presence of light and relatively high seawater temperatures during the study period.
A case of psoriatic arthritis with type I cryoglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma
Published in Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2019
Aiko Yamazaki, Keita Fujikawa, Yushiro Endo, Emi Matsuo, Yoko Yokoyama, Akinari Mizokami, Masahiro Nakashima, Atsushi Kawakami
One month after discharge, he was hospitalized again for recurrence of arthralgia and thrombocytopenia. Abnormal cells with nuclear atypia were detected in the peripheral blood. A repeat bone marrow aspiration showed plasma cell proliferation with nuclear atypia (Figure 4); a diagnosis of IgG-κ-type MM was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining, and he was treated with dexamethasone and bortezomib for MM; his symptoms and thrombocytopenia gradually improved. However, after the appearance of pain and purpura in the left lower extremity, his condition suddenly deteriorated and he died within 3 weeks of the second hospitalization. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in the blood and tissue cultures. Autopsy findings revealed no infiltration of myeloma cells in the internal organ and infected sites and pointed to septic shock as the cause of death.
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