Cefaclor, Cefprozil, and Loracarbef
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Among Gram-positive anaerobes, the peptostreptococcal and Clostridium spp. are susceptible to cefprozil. Clostridium difficile, with an MIC of 4–8 μg/ml, is also moderately cefprozil susceptible, but the clinical significance of this is not known (Chin and Neu, 1987; Eliopoulos et al., 1987; Kayser, 1987; Leitner et al., 1987; Mazzulli et al., 1990; Thornsberry, 1992; Barry et al., 1994). Among Gram-negative anaerobes, Prevotella spp., such as P. melaninogenica and Fusobacterium spp., may be susceptible, but other Bacteroides spp., and in particular B. fragilis, are resistant (Chin and Neu, 1987; Eliopoulos et al., 1987; Leitner et al., 1987; Scribner et al., 1987; Arguedas et al., 1991; Thornsberry, 1992; Goldstein et al., 1995).
Probiotics and Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin in Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
Other species of gut bacteria have been associated with disturbances in intestinal microbiota, within an autistic spectrum disorder population. Sutterella (Williams et al., 2011) is reported at a higher prevalence in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder and gastrointestinal symptomology. Along with Sutterella Wang et al. (2013) found high levels of Ruminococcus torques in the guts of children with autistic spectrum disorder. Akkermansia muciniphilia (De Angelis et al., 2013; Kang et al., 2013), Desulfovibri (Finegold et al., 2010) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (De Angelis et al., 2013) were found in increased abundance, in autistic spectrum disorder children. Kang et al. (2013) found low levels of Prevotella. Prevotella is associated with good gastrointestinal health. However, because research protocols differ between research laboratories conflicting findings are often reported, nevertheless there appears to be a body of evidence which contests that dysbiosis may be implicated at some level in autistic spectrum disorder. One mechanism for dysbiosis maybe the use of antibiotics, which disrupts normal microbiota health. Another mechanism was proposed by Williams et al. (2011) in which they suggest that defective dissaccharidase and hexose transporter leads to a compromised carbohydrate environment in the distal cecum/ileum, this then may lead to dysbiosis, as the bacteria have an additional substrate in which to colonise (Ding et al., 2017).
Microbiome and pregnancy complications
Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos in New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Recent studies showed that maternal obesity increased the presence of vaginal Prevotella, and also, the microbial diversity (48). Our results provide insight into the effect of host genetics on the vaginal microbiota and their association with both vaginal and nonvaginal health. Gut microbiota during pregnancy is modulated by pregestational body max index (BMI) and weight gain (17,49,50). A lower presence of Bifidobacterium spp. has been observed in obese pregnant women, as well as in mothers who gained excessive weight during pregnancy, when compared to lean women (17). Another study reported similar shifts depending on weight status during pregnancy, and lower levels of Bacteroides spp., along with higher abundances of Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli spp. identified in overweight pregnant women (49).
Altered gut microbial profile is associated with abnormal metabolism activity of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Zhou Dan, Xuhua Mao, Qisha Liu, Mengchen Guo, Yaoyao Zhuang, Zhi Liu, Kun Chen, Junyu Chen, Rui Xu, Junming Tang, Lianhong Qin, Bing Gu, Kangjian Liu, Chuan Su, Faming Zhang, Yankai Xia, Zhibin Hu, Xingyin Liu
Compared with the TD group, the relative abundance of Prevotella 9, Prevotella copri, and Prevotella stercorea in C-ASD group were identified decreased significantly using metagenomics technique. Moreover, the decreased level of Prevotella in ASD children was in agreement with studies from different countries using small cohorts.31,32Prevotella are the dominant bacteria in the intestinal tract of human.33 Recent researches reported that Prevotella copri can utilize polysaccharides to produce succinic acid,34 which has been reported to enhance the immune response of antigen-specific T cells by binding to the succinic acid receptor GPR91 on the surface of dendritic cells to protect host health.35 Increasing evidences have shown that many of ASD children displayed immune dysfunction.36 Therefore, it can be speculated that their immune disorder may be related to the decrease of Prevatella bacteria in the intestine, which further affect the physiological and behavioral features of ASD children.
Streptococcus mutans-associated bacteria in dental plaque of severe early childhood caries
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Yixin Zhang, Jiakun Fang, Jingyi Yang, Xiaolei Gao, Liying Dong, Xuan Zheng, Liangjie Sun, Bin Xia, Na Zhao, Zeyun Ma, Yixiang Wang
Prevotella is anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria. Our study showed that S. mutans presented a negative relationship with Prevotella when S. mutans was detected at low levels and even nonexistent, whereas this link disappeared when S. mutans was at high levels in individuals with SECC. A previous study showed the same tendency [15]. Besides, previous studies have unveiled Prevotella spp’s close relationship with caries [33,34]. Being able to overexpress collagenases for proteolytic metabolism in Prevotella species may lead to the progression of dental caries with accuracy of 74% [18]. In addition, a caries risk assessment model based on the relative abundance of seven Prevotella spp. has been used to predict new onsets of ECC [7]. The result reminds us to pay more attention to some other bacterial members which may replace S. mutans’s leading role in acid-producing and acid-resisting to cause SECC.
A case study of salivary microbiome in smokers and non-smokers in Hungary: analysis by shotgun metagenome sequencing
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Roland Wirth, Gergely Maróti, Róbert Mihók, Donát Simon-Fiala, Márk Antal, Bernadett Pap, Anett Demcsák, Janos Minarovits, Kornél L. Kovács
We observed that although the overall composition of the oral microbiome did not differ substantially between non-smokers and current smokers (Figures 3 and 4) the relative abundance of two distinct genera, Prevotella and Megasphaera, was higher in salivary samples of current smokers (Figure 5). Prevotella species are Gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria which belong in the phylum Bacteriodetes. Although in healthy humans the Prevotella genus is one of the dominant genera of the salivary microbiome, distinct members of the genus Prevotella are associated with inflammatory diseases and may facilitate carcinogenesis as well [86-88, reviewed by 89,90]. There are, however, contradicting observations regarding the role of Prevotella in the development of oral cancer [14,74,79,91–94]. Thus, it remains to be established whether members of the genus Prevotella are opportunistic inhabitants of malignant tumors or play a causative role in oral or colorectal carcinogenesis [95,96].
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