Marine Bioactive Compounds: Innovative Trends in Food and Medicine
Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan in Plant- and Marine-Based Phytochemicals for Human Health, 2018
Cancer cells show uncontrolled growth and this inversion is life-threatening. The external contributing factors toward cancer include infectious organisms, radiation, chemical agents, tobacco, and poor nutrition while the internal factor includes inherited changes in genes. The detrimental effects of these external factors can be prevented by removing precancer lesions and early detection of the cancerous cells.30 In developing countries, tobacco plays a major role in cancer prevalence, that is, 22% global cancer deaths while 71% deaths are due to lungs cancer and 20% deaths due to viral infection hepatitis B or C virus and human papillomavirus. Stomach, breast, lung, colon, and liver cancers contributed mostly to cancer deaths every year, and worldwide cancer deaths are increasing day by day, with an estimated 13.1 million deaths in 2030.89 To prevent and treat these cancers, we need a safe, cheap, and potent medicine. Bioactive components-derived from marine biota behave as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, and antiviral agents.69
Schistosomiasis and Bladder Cancer
George T. Bryan, Samuel M. Cohen in The Pathology of Bladder Cancer, 2017
A correlation of the epithelial abnormalities with the existing carcinoma helps to clarify the evolution as well as the distinctive histopathology of carcinoma in the schistosomal bladder. These epithelial abnormalities include a heterogeneous group of lesions of diverse biologic behavior. Thus, the changes may remain stationary, regress, or progress to carcinoma. Koss57 reported on the natural history of 93 cases of primary carcinoma in situ compiled from the literature. Ultimate progression to carcinoma was observed in 57 patients or 61.3%. However, the natural history of other epithelial abnormalities is still poorly understood due to the lack of prospective follow up studies. Some of the changes (e.g., simple hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and columnar metaplasia) are probably benign and only determine the histologic type of the carcinoma that might arise in that area of the bladder. Conversely, other lesions (e.g., atypical transitional hyperplasia, squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ) are probably precancerous.57
Endoscopic screening for upper gastrointestinal malignancy
David Westaby, Martin Lombard in Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy A problem-oriented approach, 2019
Virtually all gastrointestinal cancers present with surface abnormalities before becoming invasive tumours. These changes, which are invisible to white light illumination, must be detected before the development of invasive cancer if eradication and prevention are to be possible. There may be a prolonged period of some years between the detection of early precancer of the gastrointestinal tract and the development of invasive cancer. In addition, there is a dramatic rise occurring in the incidence of adenocarcinoma at the gastro-oesophageal junction. Although the precancerous changes are currently detected using rigorous biopsy protocols, which are both time-consuming and cumbersome, newly developed optical biopsy techniques may in future allow early diagnosis and permit screening protocols at endoscopy. Once such precancerous changes are detected, non-invasive endoscopic methods are now available for their eradication. Thus, over the next few years we are likely to see a revolution in endoscopic detection.
Profile of MeltPro® HPV test for human papillomavirus genotyping and cervical precancer screening
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Currently, the gold standard for the diagnosis of cervical precancer is colposcopy biopsy [6]. Cytological detection, HPV testing or their combination are mostly adopted in clinical practice to evaluate the risk of disease of patients, and only the patients infected with a hrHPV type are subjected to colposcopy biopsy [7]. Because HPV testing has higher clinical sensitivity than cytology and is easy to use, and of low cost, it has been recommended as a triage scheme of priority [8–11]. Among the hrHPV genotypes, HPV-16, −18, −31, −33, −35, −39, −45, −51, −52, −56, −58, −59, and −68 are the most common types and they are the targets of many assays in the triage scheme [12–14]. Nevertheless, not all the 13 hrPHV types have the same triaging potential. HPV-16, −18, −31, and −33 are recognized as the most risky genotypes; HPV-35, −45, −51, −52, and −58 are recognized as the next, and HPV-39, −56, −59, and −68 are recognized as the intermediate [15]. Thus, hrHPV genotyping test is preferred for primary screening of cervical precancer [16–18]. Those low-risk HPV (lrHPV) genotypes, such as HPV-6, −11, −42, −43, and −44, are not recommended for cervical precancer screening and triage [19].
Progression from human papillomavirus (HPV) infection to cervical lesion or clearance in women (18–25 years): Natural history study in the control arm subjects of AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine efficacy study in China between 2008 and 2016
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Sarah Welby, Dominique Rosillon, Yang Feng, Dorota Borys
It is well established that persistence of an HPV infection is a prerequisite for progression to precancerous lesions, carcinoma in situ, and eventually cancer cell invasion [6]. Provided that the latter step has not yet occurred, this process is reversible by the clearance of HPV infection and regression of precancer by treatment of precancerous lesions, which happen in many women who have ever experienced HPV infection. While most HPV infections are transient and resolve on their own, some persistent high-risk HPV infections are known to have a risk for progress to CIN and ultimately to cervical cancer, with other risk factors for progression playing a part [7–10]. Cervical lesions are categorized into low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) including atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and CIN grade 1 (CIN1), and high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) including CIN grade 2 (CIN2), and CIN grade 3 (CIN3). CIN3 and cervical carcinoma in situ are considered the immediate precursors to invasive cervical cancer [11].
Clinical and economic burden of HPV-related cancers in the US veteran population
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
Kunal Saxena, Rachel Souza Dawson, Anissa Cyhaniuk, Temitope Bello, Nora Janjan
The HPV vaccine has proven to be effective in preventing HPV infection, and has been recommended for male and female patients2,22,32,46. According to a recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention analysis, 33,000 of the 35,900 HPV-related cancers identified between 2013 and 2017 in the US could have been prevented by HPV vaccination47. In addition, clinical trials indicate that 90% of women up to age 55 years are protected from developing cervical precancer after receiving the vaccine48. Notably, while HPV vaccination has been approved for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and anal cancers globally, the United States is currently the only country that has approved HPV vaccination for the prevention of oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers49. A significant proportion of the veterans may not have had access to the vaccine previously due to their older age, however HPV vaccination is now recommended for everyone up to age 45 years based on shared clinical decision making in the US. Efforts to increase HPV vaccination rates and screening programs in military populations and eligible veterans could potentially prevent HPV-related cancers among future veterans and result in substantial reductions in the associated clinical and economic burden9,35,36,50,51.
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