Penicillium and Talaromyces
Dongyou Liu in Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Penicillium species play important roles in the environment, agriculture, and industry. Some species of genus Penicillium are of economic importance to the food industry because they contribute to food ripening, while others are postharvest pathogens or cause spoilage. For example, Penicillium camemberti and Penicillium roqueforti are used for cheese manufacture; Penicillium nalgiovense and Penicillium chrysogenum contribute to ripening of dry-cured meat products. On the other hand, Penicillium expansum is the causal agent of blue mold postharvest rots of apples and is also able to produce patulin and other mycotoxins, as discussed later. Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum are responsible for postharvest citrus decay. Heat-resistant ascospores produced by various Talaromyces spp. cause spoilage of pasteurized juices and other fruit-based products.4
Marine-Based Carbohydrates as a Valuable Resource for Nutraceuticals and Biotechnological Application
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Researchers have reported that chitosan also has antifungal activity that inhibits the growth of many phytopathogenic fungus such as Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora infestans (Atia et al., 2005), and Alternaria solani (Saharan et al., 2015) in tomatoes; Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis conidia (gray mold) in cucumber plants (Ben-Shalom et al., 2003); and Penicillium digitatum (green mold) and Penicillium italicum (blue mold) in citrus fruit (Tayel et al., 2016). Earlier studies showed that chitosan reduces mycelial growth, fungal infection, sporangial production, germination of fungi, and release of zoospores. Antifungal activity is also influenced by molecular weight and degree of acetylation of homogenous chitosan, but it varies according to type of fungus; for example, Fusarium oxysporum is influenced by only molecular weight, Alternaria solani is affected by only acetylation degree and no effect of molecular weight, and degree of acetylation is observed on Aspergillus niger (Younes et al., 2014). The suggested mechanism is that chitosan forms a permeable layer over the crop surface, which controls the fungal growth and induces the activation of many defense actions like callus synthesis, chitinase accumulation, inhibitor of protein synthesis, and callus lignification (Bai et al., 1988). Chitosan shows potent fungicidal synergistic activity with fluconazole and is a promising therapy for Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis (Lo et al., 2020).
Serodiagnosis: Antibody and Antigen Detection
Johan A. Maertens, Kieren A. Marr in Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, 2007
Although the Platelia Aspergillus ELISA is a promising tool for the early diagnosis of aspergillosis, false-positive results have been reported for 75% of pediatric HSCT recipients (11), for 20% of lung transplant recipients (64), and for 13% of liver transplant recipients (65). The causes of these false-positive results are unclear. However, the monoclonal antibody, EB-A2, used in the Platelia Aspergillus ELISA, has been reported to cross-react with a number of other organisms, including Fusarium oxysporum, Trichophyton rubrum, Paecilomyces variotii, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium digitatum (66–68). Other reported causes of false-positive results include infant milk formulas (69), gastrointestinal colonization with Bifidobacterium bifidum (70), and enteral feeding with a liquid nutrient that contained soybean protein (71).
Systems pharmacology approach to investigate the molecular mechanisms of herb Rhodiola rosea L. radix
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Wenjuan Zhang, Ying Huai, Zhiping Miao, Chu Chen, Mohamed Shahen, Siddiq Ur Rahman, Mahmoud Alagawany, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Heping Zhao, Airong Qian
In total, 127 compounds were collected, and the detail information of these compounds was list in Table S1. Due to the oral administration of TCMs, screening the potential active compounds with satisfactory pharmaceutical bioavailability properties to overcome ADME barriers is crucial for drug discovery [45]. By the reliable PreOB in silico model, a total of 56 bioactive compounds were screened out as the potential bioactive compounds, occupying 38.2% (56/145) of the compound database in RRL (Table 1). Among of them, five compounds were converted by intestinal microbes. M05 (Luteolin) is converted into quercetin and baicalein 6-methylether by the intestinal microbes [46], and M06 (α-pinene) is metabolized into α-pinene oxide and several other identified products by microsomes [47]. The biotransformation products of M12 (limonene) are α-terpineol (main metabolite), cis- and trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, neodihydrocarveol, and limonene oxide (minor metabolites) by fungi Penicillium digitatum [48]. M16 (n-pentanol) is able to be biotransformed to 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate [49]. In addition, M55 (β-sitosterol) is converted into three metabolism, including 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, and rostedione and 4-androstene-3, 17-dione [50].
Curcumin and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles: antipathogenic and antiparasitic activities
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Mahendra Rai, Avinash P. Ingle, Raksha Pandit, Priti Paralikar, Netravati Anasane, Carolina Alves Dos Santos
Curcumin not only possesses antibacterial activity but also exhibits strong antifungal activity. For example, turmeric oil was effectively used in the management of dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum in the guinea pig. The lesions were improved in 2–5 days and finally disappeared after 6–8 days. In another study, turmeric cream containing 6–10% of turmeric oil inhibited the growth of dermatophytic fungi such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum gypseum [23]. Jayaprakasha et al. [24] also reported that turmeric oil exhibited strong in vitro antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, Fusarium moniliforme, and Penicillium digitatum. Moreover, the oil was also found to be effective against yeasts like Malassezia furfur causing superficial skin infection [25]. In addition, turmeric oil showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. musae and Fusarium semitectum which are mainly involved in the spoilage of crops [26]. In some other studies also the ethanolic extract of turmeric was reported to have potential antifungal activity against 29 clinical isolates of dermatophytes [27,28]. The study demonstrated that hexane extract of curcumin showed promising antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, and Erysiphe graminis.