Linezolid
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Linezolid activity has been tested against lactic acid bacteria, including Weissella confusa (Lee et al., 2011), Lactobacillus spp., Pediococcus spp., and Lactococcus spp. obtained from humans, but also from cultures that are intended for nutritional or probiotic use (Klare et al., 2007). Pediococcus spp. (MIC range 0.5–1 mg/l; MIC90 1–2 mg/l), many Lactobacillus spp. (MIC range 0.5–2 mg/l; MIC90 1–2 mg/l), and Lactococcus lactis (MIC range 0.5–1 mg/l [eight isolates only]) all have relatively low MICs. Lactobacillus acidophilus (MIC range 0.5–4 mg/l; MIC90 4 mg/l) had slightly higher MICs than other Lactobacillus spp. (Klare et al., 2007). In a study by Goldstein et al. (2005), Lactobacillus spp. were found to have higher MICs (MIC90 8 mg/l; MIC range 1–8 mg/l). Linezolid has variable activity against Leuconostoc spp. (MIC range 1–8 mg/l) (Rolston et al., 2013).
Nutraceutical’s Role in Proliferation and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer
Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak in Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Probiotics are basically living microorganisms like bacteria and yeasts that are acclaimed to have health benefit on their consumption, mainly by restoring gut microflora balance and avoiding dysbiosis. Some of the important strains of bacteria and yeasts that have been established for their probiotic property are Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Saccharomyces, Pediococcus, Escherichia coli, and Leuconostoc. Several mechanisms that have been proposed for the anticolorectal property of probiotics are undigested food fermentation, carcinogen inactivation, improved host immunoresponse against pathogenic and putrefactive microbes, altered intestinal microfloral metabolism, antiapoptotic and antiproliferative activity, and tyrosine kinase signaling pathway inhibition [104].
Safety and Effect of a Low- and High-Dose Multi-Strain Probiotic Supplement on Microbiota in a General Adult Population: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Annie Tremblay, Asmaa Fatani, Amanda L. Ford, Amanda Piano, Varuni Nagulesapillai, Jeremie Auger, Chad W. MacPherson, Mary C. Christman, Thomas A. Tompkins, Wendy J. Dahl
The Random Forest analysis predicted the original metadata category of samples more efficiently (lower error rate) for the 25B than for the 5B group (Figure S3A). The classification was based primarily on Pediococcus abundance in these groups (Figure S3B). Using a bootstrap analysis strategy (n = 23) (Ning et al. 2014), Pediococcus remained the main grouping driver in 100% of the analyses, while Holdemania influenced the grouping minimally but consistently (91.3% of the times) (Figure S3C). Other species were identified by the RF classifier with less reproducibility (i.e. between 21.7% and 65.2% of the times). Despite an apparent pattern related to treatment, the Peptostreptococcus original count abundance returned a value of zero for all groups (data not shown). On the other hand, both the Pediococcus and Holdemania genera displayed a pattern of relative abundance related to probiotic supplementation, as seen on the original counts abundance bar graphs (Figure S3D).
Probiotic and commensal gut microbial therapies in multiple sclerosis and its animal models: a comprehensive review
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Lorrie L. Blais, Theresa L. Montgomery, Eyal Amiel, Paula B. Deming, Dimitry N. Krementsov
As mentioned above, the distinction between bacterial probiotics and commensals is not well defined, particularly as it applies to MS. For the purposes of this review, a bacterial therapeutic was considered “probiotic” when meeting evidence level 1–2 based on World Gastroenterology Organization guidelines from the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, and “commensal” if falling at evidence level 3 and below where RCTs are lacking.36 Study interventions were therefore classified as “probiotic therapy” if researchers supplemented with the following putative probiotics: Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (E. coli Nissle 1917), Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium), or Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermopohilis); or “commensal therapy” if researchers supplemented with any other species of commensal bacteria, including Prevotella spp., Akkermansia spp., Pediococcus acidilactici (P. acidilactici), Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum), and Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis).
The gut microbiome as a target for adjuvant therapy in obstructive sleep apnea
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Mohammad Badran, Saif Mashaqi, David Gozal
Probiotics refer to species of live bacteria that confer beneficial health effects on the host when ingested in adequate amounts [61]. Health benefits have been demonstrated for specific probiotic strains mainly of the following genera: Lactobacillus (e.g. prevent and decrease the severity of some allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis), Bifidobacterium (e.g. decrease the severity of diarrhea, reduce symptoms of necrotizing enterocolitis), Saccharomyces (e.g. reduce duration of traveler’s diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome), Enterococcus (e.g. treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea), Streptococcus (e.g. reduce irritable bowel syndrome symptoms), Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus and Escherichia coli (e.g. decrease the severity of inflammatory bowel diseases and decrease the severity of constipation) [62]. Probiotics can exert a wide range of effects such as improving metabolism and immunity through interactions with the host microbiota and also directly with the intestinal epithelium [63,64]. They can improve mucosal defenses of the GI tract by: i) Blocking the colonization of pathogenic bacteria through decreasing luminal pH, inhibiting adhesion and invasion to epithelial cells and producing antimicrobial compounds. ii) Reinforcement of the mucosal barrier against pathogenic bacteria through enhancement of mucous production and tight junction protein phosphorylation. iii) Influencing both innate and acquired immune system locally in the gut wall [65].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Aerococcus
- Cabbage
- Fermentation
- Lactic Acid Bacteria
- Lactobacillus
- Leuconostoc
- Lactic Acid
- Gram-Positive Bacteria
- Lactobacillaceae
- Tetragenococcus