Beneficial Use of Viruses
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2015
Now consider parasitoids, mentioned in the section on hyperparasites. A parasitoid is an organism that spends a significant amount of its life on or within a single host, often sterilizing it, often killing it, and sometimes fully consuming it in the process (Figure 1.6A). The parasitoid then leaves the host and often has a free-living period of existence. Parasitoids are often insects whose larvae live in or on other insects, usually resulting in the death of the parasitoid’s host. Only a single host is required to complete larval development of the parasitoid and often several parasitoids may develop in the body of a single host. A related term is protelean parasite, which refers to an organism parasitic when immature but free-living as an adult.
An Introduction to Parasitism
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2023
Now consider parasitoids, also mentioned in the section on hyperparasites (see Figure 1.9). A parasitoid is an organism that spends a significant amount of its life on or within a single host, often sterilizing it, killing it and sometimes fully consuming it in the process (Figure 1.14A). The parasitoid then leaves the host and often has a free-living period of existence. Parasitoids are often insects whose larvae live in or on other insects, usually resulting in the death of the parasitoid’s host. Only a single host is required to complete larval development of the parasitoid and often several parasitoids may develop in the body of a single host. A related term is protelean parasite, which refers to an organism that is parasitic when immature but free-living as an adult.
Population and Community: Count Variables
Song S. Qian, Mark R. DuFour, Ibrahim Alameddine in Bayesian Applications in Environmental and Ecological Studies with R and Stan, 2023
We explore the multinomial response variable model through three examples. The first example is developed based on a study of insect oviposition behavior in evolutionary ecology. The data for this example includes observed number of eggs laid by a species of wasp. This species of wasp is an insect parasitoid, which lays eggs in or on the eggs, larvae, pupae, or adults of other insects. The number of eggs they laid in each host is known as the clutch size. Some parasitoids are used for biological control of insect pests in orchards and other agricultural settings. On the one hand, the number of eggs laid in a host can affect the survival and fitness of the offspring. The ecological hypothesis is that the clutch size is evolved to produce the maximum number of offspring from each host that are fit to further propagate the population. Too many eggs will lead to competition among offspring for the limited resource (reducing the fitness of offspring), too few eggs constitutes a waste of the resource. On the other hand, the number of eggs a parasitoid lays in a single host can be affected by other factors. It takes time and effort for a parasitoid to find a host and then locate suitable spots on the host to lay eggs. Laying too few eggs would cost the parasitoid time and energy. Hilborn and Mangel [1997] used data from an observational study of a number of wasps to learn whether the clutch size is also a function of numbers of eggs each insect carried (egg complements).
Integrating inert dusts with other technologies in stored products protection
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Masumeh Ziaee, Asgar Ebadollahi, Waqas Wakil
Very few researches have been conducted on the application of DEs in integrated with parasitoids. The parasitoid of rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) showed sensitivity to Protect-It formulation of DE. So that, the longevity of parasitoid female adults, parasitization rate of the weevils, and parasitoid progeny production was significantly suppressed in the treated wheat (Perez-Mendoza et al. 1999). Therefore, application of DE will not only reduce the efficiency of biological control agents, but will also contaminate food. However, the appropriate application of natural enemies could reduce the contamination of stored commodities with parasitoid wasps (Scholler 2010).
Consequence of emergence pattern on inbreeding risk in the aphid parasitoid Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Published in Chronobiology International, 2019
Delphine Bourdais, Thierry Hance
In insect parasitoids, numerous life history traits are host-constrained (Hance et al. 2007). For instance, mating depends on the spatial distribution of the host and the way female distributes eggs inside the host population (Boulton et al. 2015; Godfray 1994; Wajnberg 2006). Females of solitary species usually lay a single egg in each solitary host and newly emerged adults must disperse from their natal patch to find a mate (Godfray and Cook 1997). In such species, competition for mates is ubiquitous for all individuals throughout the whole population. Conversely, in solitary parasitoids that develop in a quasi-gregarious fashion (when females lay a single egg per host and hosts are clumped) and gregarious parasitoids (when females lay several eggs in each solitary host), emerging together on the natal patch facilitates the finding of a partner and saves time. Thus, adults may mate totally or partially on their natal patch (Boulton et al. 2015; Hamilton 1967; Le Ralec et al. 2010; Wajnberg 2006). However, it increases the competition between brothers to mate with their sisters (Local Mate Competition, LMC, Hamilton; 1967; Werren 1980) and the probability for inbreeding (Beck 1991; Doyon and Boivin 2005), situation already described by Hamilton in 1967 as extreme biofacies. So, for species presenting a risk of inbreeding depression, selection should lead to the avoidance of mating on the emergence patch. Partners may mate with non-related individuals if they are able to distinguish them. Otherwise, we can expect a rapid dispersal of the emergence zone. The study of emergence patterns and the time spent by male and females on the place of emergence may thus provide interesting insights on the mating structure in this case.
Facts and ideas from anywhere
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Insects are far and away the most diverse creatures on the planet—so much so that scientists are still struggling to figure out how many kinds there are. About 1 million insect species have been named, but it is generally agreed that many more—by recent estimates some 4 million more—have yet to be discovered. Just one family of parasitoid wasps, sometimes called Darwin wasps, contain something like 100,000 species, greater than the number of all known species of fish, reptiles, mammals, amphibians, and birds combined. Other insect families are similarly big; for example, perhaps 6000 species of weevils are known.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Metamorphosis
- Parasitism
- Parasitoid Wasp
- Paralysis
- Prognosis
- Evolutionary Ecology
- Host
- Exaptation
- Fitness
- Parasitic Castration