Effect of Nutraceuticals on Gut Microbiota—What Is the Deal in Cancer?
Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak in Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
During gut dysbiosis, the number of Proeobacteria, Lentisphaerae, Bacteroides, and Parabacteroides species in the gut decrease (Rea et al., 2018). This reduction impacts the gut’s ability to directly metabolize chemotherapeutic medication and produce secondary toxic metabolites (Pouncey et al., 2018). Garcia-Gonzalez and colleagues used a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) worm model to investigate how the administration of different bacterial strains would influence chemotherapeutic medication potency. The worms fed with E. coli were “two orders of magnitude more sensitive to the sterilizing effect” of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) in comparison to worms fed with Comamonas bacteria. It was determined that the RNA metabolism capabilities of inoculated bacteria was essential for the observed enhanced cytotoxic effects (Garcia-Gonzalez et al., 2017).
Metronidazole
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Metronidazole resistance in a B. fragilis strain was first described in 1978 (Ingham et al., 1978a). Since then, there have been increasing reports of metronidazole resistance globally in the B. fragilis group, from Europe (Behra-Miellet et al., 2003; Hedberg and Nord, 2003; Nagy et al., 2011), the UK (Brazier et al., 1999), Canada (Horn and Robson, 2001; Marchand-Austin et al., 2014), Kuwait (Rotimi et al., 1999), India (Chaudhry et al., 2001), and the USA (Schapiro et al., 2004; Snydman et al., 2010). Of the 824 isolates of the B. fragilis group (Bacteroides/Parabacteroides spp.) surveyed in Europe, there were 22 that had reduced susceptibility to metronidazole (MIC 4–256 µg/ml) (Nagy et al., 2011). Ten of these resistant isolates also demonstrated concomitant resistance to other commonly used anti-anaerobic agents. Indeed, the literature is now littered with case reports of multidrug-resistant isolates, including strains that are also carbapenem-resistant (Brogan et al., 1989; Turner et al., 1995; Rotimi et al., 1999; Wareham et al., 2005; Katsandri et al., 2006b; Sherwood et al., 2011; Hartmeyer et al., 2012; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013; Urban et al., 2015; Sadarangani et al., 2015; Ank et al., 2015). Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis isolates may have higher rates of metronidazole resistance (Sarkar et al., 2015).
Bacteroides
Dongyou Liu in Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Adhesion to the epithelial surface is considered a prerequisite for pathogenicity in most bacteria, and this attachment may be selective for different cell types.5,16 Establishing a site in the host is critical to the role of Bacteroides spp. and Parabacteroides spp., both as commensals on the mucosal surfaces of the intestinal epithelium and as pathogens causing abscesses or other infectious processes. The adhesion and invasion processes of intestinal Bacteroidales isolated from fecal microbiota of children with diarrhea are shown in Table 16.3.
Altered gut microbiome composition in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Zi Ye, Chunyan Wu, Ni Zhang, Liping Du, Qingfeng Cao, Xinyue Huang, Jihong Tang, Qingfeng Wang, Fuzhen Li, Chunjiang Zhou, Qian Xu, Xiao Xiong, Aize Kijlstra, Nan Qin, Peizeng Yang
LEfSe analysis was performed to identify the differences of microbial composition in three Clusters between VKH patients and controls. The VKH-depleted species, which were identified in all VKH patients, including Clostridium spp. (Clostridium sp. CAG:349 and Clostridium sp.CAG:813), Bifidobacterium spp. (Bifidobacterium sp. MSTE12 and Bifidobacterium dentium), Candidatus Methanomethylophilus alvus and Methanoculleus sp. CAG:1088 were also depleted in patients from Cluster 1, the Mix enterotype. In Cluster 2, the Bacteroides enterotype, we identified an enriched Paracteroides sp. CAG2 and a depleted Alistipes spp. (Alistipes sp. AL.1 and Alistipes sp. CAG:29), Proteobacteria bacterium CAG:495, Eubacterium sp. CAG:115 and Roseburia sp. CAG:380 in active VKH patients, which were also in line with our LEfSe results in all patients. We also found some Parabacteroides spp. (Parabacteroides sp.2.1.7 and Parabacteroides sp.D25) and Bacteroides spp. (Bacteroides coprocola CAG:162 and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron CAG:40) were enriched in VKH patients in Cluster 3, Prevotella enterotype (Figure 2).
Gut microbes participate in food preference alterations during obesity
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Alice de Wouters d’Oplinter, Marialetizia Rastelli, Matthias Van Hul, Nathalie M. Delzenne, Patrice D. Cani, Amandine Everard
As a preliminary approach to highlight a potential link between the gut microbiota and the food reward system in the context of obesity, we used Spearman’s correlations to establish associations between several parameters of the food reward system and the gut microbiota. Data from donor and recipient mice were combined to create the correlation matrix. The heatmap showed that 18 OTUs correlated with the total HFHS intake measured during the food preference test (Figure 5a). In addition, positive correlations were found between the unidentified genus of the Peptococcaceae family and the mRNA expression of D1R, D2R, and TH (Figure 5a). However, after correcting for multiple comparisons using the FDR (false discovery rate) method, only Parabacteroides remained highly positively correlated with the HFHS intake (Figure 5b). This suggested that the more Parabacteroides the mice had, the more HFHS they ate during the food preference test. Based on this, Parabacteroides could represent a potential link between the gut microbiota and hedonic food behavior.
Modulation of the gut microbiota by metformin improves metabolic profiles in aged obese mice
Published in Gut Microbes, 2018
Heetae Lee, Youngjoo Lee, Jiyeon Kim, Jinho An, Sungwon Lee, Hyunseok Kong, Youngcheon Song, Chong-Kil Lee, Kyungjae Kim
In addition, the abundance of Bacteroides, Butyricimonas, and Parabacteroides was significantly increased by metformin treatment; moreover, these three genera were not abundant in adult mice or RD mice.6 Therefore, an increased abundance of these genera is characteristic of the gut microbiota of aged obese mice fed a HFD. The increase in Bacteroides and Butyricimonas abundance was associated with improved metabolic parameters in mice treated with metformin. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the gut microbiota ameliorate insulin resistance and inflammation.29 Butyrate, which is produced by Butyricimonas spp., protects against diet-induced obesity.30,31 Moreover, butyrate increased mucin production, which was also regulated by A. muciniphila, and mucus layer thickness highly related with metabolic improvement.14,32Bacteroides spp. are abundant in non-obese individuals.33 Several strains of Bacteroides produce propionate and succinate, which protect against various metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and diet-induced obesity.34,35 Further studies of the influence of Parabacteroides on metabolic parameters are warranted.
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