Composition and Diversity of Human Oral Microbiome
Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne in Microbial Biofilms, 2017
In the past, research on microbial pathogenesis was largely focussed on single pathogenic organisms. However, with the advent of high-throughput omics biology techniques, it has become feasible to study the whole microbial community, that is, microbiota or microbiome in health and disease [13]. For example, oral microbiota have been shown to be associated with a number of systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal diseases and adverse gestational outcomes [14]. In this context, it becomes a prerequisite to enhance our current knowledge on the oral microbiome in health and disease states. In this chapter, we attempt to briefly discuss the composition and diversity of human oral microbiome. The novel gene sequencing tools which have been used for the microbial profiling are also elaborated. Knowledge of the oral microbiome will also help readers to understand the framework and diversity of the microbiome of other body sites such as gut and vagina.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Dongyou Liu in Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
The greater wax moth, the lepidopteran Galleria mellonella, is a widely used model host for investigating microbial pathogenesis.118,119 Similar to other insects, its life cycle progresses from egg to larva, pupa, and, finally, adult (moth).119 The larvae of G. mellonella are relatively large in size (1–3 cm), facilitating the injection of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial compounds.118,119 An additional asset compared to other invertebrate model hosts is that it survives at the physiologic mammalian temperature (37°C), which favors the growth of many human pathogens.3
Neuroimmunology of Host-Microbial Interactions
Herman Friedman, Thomas W. Klein, Andrea L. Friedman in Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Infection, 2020
The study of the effects of neuroendocrine-immune interactions on microbial pathogenesis and immunity during the course of an infectious disease has emerged as a new interdisciplinary research area, termed psychoneuroimmunology. Over the last two decades, studies have found that psychological stress and psychiatric illness can compromise immune function. The historical basis for studying the influence of stress on the immune response stems from early clinical observations that individuals became sick following stressful situations. Benjamin Richardson writes, in Diseases of Modern Life (c. 1882), about diseases arising from excessive mental strain or from mental shock that are found mainly in four classes of the community: (1) persons engaged in art, science, or literature; (2) those engaged in political life; (3) those who are occupied in commerce, exchange, and speculation; and (4) in the too laborious scholars or students.1 Richardson goes on to say that “the diseases induced are limited in number, and, physiologically, hang closely together - links, as it were, of one chain. They all depend primarily upon a deficiency of power or paralysis of the organic nervous system, of that part of the nervous organism which sustains the motion of the heart, the stomach, and digestive system, which governs the secretions, and which, in a word, ministers to the involuntary and instinctive, as distinguished from the voluntary and intellectual life.”1 Although there exists difficulties associated with the quantitation of stress and its ultimate association with the onset of illness, it is widely accepted that stress can have an impact on susceptibility to several infectious diseases, most notably, tuberculosis.2,3
Combating malaria in Kenya through collaborative population health education: a systematic review and pilot case study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Hester Lacey, Nityanand Jain, Mai Sugimoto, Masako Shimato, Ieva Reine, Kevin Oria
In this context, Hiatt et al. suggested using existing inter-country collaborations such as the Inter-University Council for East Africa (IUCEA) to reform regional medical curricula [31]. Specifically, the authors have argued for introducing and implementing Population Health Sciences, an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of basic, clinical, behavioural, and social sciences [53]. For example, in addition to teaching medical students about malaria’s microbial pathogenesis, it is important to teach them about risks of infection, factors that promote and prevent infection, and social and cultural factors that influence vulnerability. In addition, there is a need for continued south-north cooperation for technology transfer and capacity building in the local context. The Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI) Partnership for Innovative Medical Education-Kenya (PRIME-K) is one such example. Since its inception in 2011, the undergraduate program has strengthened and promoted modern patient care practices and research interests, while emphasising the social and cultural determinants of relevant health issues in the country [54].
Exosomes: from biology to immunotherapy in infectious diseases
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Velia Verónica Rangel-Ramírez, Hilda Minerva González-Sánchez, César Lucio-García
As the process of exosome secretion seems to be evolutionary conserved among different eukaryotes and prokaryotes organisms [1,10,17], during an infection host- and pathogen-derived exosomes are released into the extracellular milieu [18]. The content of these vesicles will transmit messages that can either limit or disseminate the infection [19]. Recently, the exosome-dependent pathways of infection of important human pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [11,20], Ebola virus [21] and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [22], among others have been characterized. This reflects the importance of the exosome study in microbial pathogenesis. Moreover, the specific composition of these vesicles derived from pathogens or infected cells can be a hallmark of the infection and used as a potential biomarker [23,24]. Furthermore, the hijacking of exosomes by some pathogens has shown the carrying capacity of these vesicles, which can be harnessed for vaccine development [25–29]. This review attempts to summarize the current findings on exosome composition and function during viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoan infections, their contribution to host defense or to pathogen spread, and provide an insight into the potential application of exosomes in biomedical research.
A review of antibiotics and psoriasis: induction, exacerbation, and amelioration
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019
The role of antibiotics in psoriasis is complex. Antibiotics can have a direct effect on bacteria and hence improve psoriasis. Besides, many antibiotics have intrinsic anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. In fact, cyclosporine, the most powerful conventional oral agent for psoriasis, was initially discovered as an antibiotic [55]. However, the changes in cytokines due to the inherent immunomodulatory property as well as the release of dead bacteria products could provoke or exacerbate psoriasis. T regulatory cells and inducible Th17 cells may produce IL-17 in the presence of IL-23 due to the plasticity of immune cells in recent studies. In addition, the exacerbation or improvement could also be the result of antibiotic allergy. More recently, the role of microbial pathogenesis and the role of skin and gut microbiota in psoriasis had been reviewed in depth. For example, increased number of staphylococcus, streptococcus, and corynebacterium had been discovered in psoriatic lesional skins compared with healthy controls (Table 3) [56–58]. Studies also revealed that antibiotics including penicillin, cefazolin, clindamycin, and quinolones induced quantitative and qualitative changes in gut microbiota. Antibiotics decreased diversity of genera, raised resistant strains, and increased risk of inflammation [59,60]. But the role of antibiotics in psoriasis related to change of microbiome was still poorly investigated.
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