Benign tumors and tumor-like conditions, including metaplasia
T. Yee Khong, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Wenxin Zheng in Diagnostic Endometrial Pathology, 2019
Squamous metaplasia may be associated with endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma, but is also sometimes associated with endometritis or chronic pyometra. Mucinous metaplasia occurs in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women and it may be associated with hormone replacement therapy. Mucinous metaplasia is commonly found in tamoxifen-associated endometrial polyps. Adenomyomatous polyp is a benign lesion composed of endometrial glands surrounded by endometrial stroma and smooth muscle. Atypical polypoid adenomyoma was traditionally regarded as a benign lesion although it was well documented that some cases were associated with coexisting endometrial hyperplasia or malignancy. A number of benign lesions or metaplastic changes can arise in the endometrium, many of them potentially resembling malignant neoplasms due to morphologic overlap and variations. Endometrial stromal nodules are rare benign mesenchymal tumors of endometrial stromal differentiation. Lesions expressing sex cord markers are best regarded as uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumors, while those expressing smooth-muscle markers and negative for sex cord markers could be reported as plexiform tumorlets.
Chronic Lung Diseases: Treatment, Challenges, and Solutions
Nazrul Islam in Handbook of Lung Targeted Drug Delivery Systems, 2021
Lungs are a complex system that undergoes expansion and relaxation about thousand times a day to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Lung diseases affect 70 million people and kill 3 to 4 million people annually and so are one of the most common medical conditions across the world. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects about 65 million people and kills 3 million annually, making it the third leading cause of death worldwide. The lead or bioactive compounds isolated from herbs can be used for treatment of chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, and COPD. Asthma affects both children and adults, and is one of the most common chronic ailments encountered in any clinical setting. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, usually associated with airway hyper-responsiveness and variable airflow obstruction, that is often reversible spontaneously or under treatment. The pathological hallmark of chronic bronchitis is mucous metaplasia, a process where mucus is overproduced following an inflammatory signal.
Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
Dongyou Liu in Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a heterogeneous, poorly differentiated non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) showing sarcomatous or sarcomatoid morphology with giant and/or spindle cells. PSC is a relatively large, soft/fleshy, or firm/hard/rubbery mass of 2-17 cm with central or peripheral location in the upper lobes of the lung and frequent invasion of the pleural and/or chest wall. PSC is thought to evolve from the embryonic rest, proliferation of malignant epithelium and mesenchyme, stromal induction/metaplasia or a single stem cell. Molecular abnormalities relating to the pathogenesis of PSC include overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein, a high level of polysomy and KRAS mutations. PSC is an uncommon neoplasm, accounting for about 1.3" of all lung malignancies. The tumor is four to seven times more commonly seen in men than in women, with a mean age of 65 years at diagnosis.
Extensive squamous metaplasia (morulosis) of the endometrium as a clinical and pathological problem: a case report and literature study
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020
Monika Kujdowicz, Tomasz Milewicz, Dariusz Adamek
The article presents a case of a 28-year-old woman with so-called morulosis – a form of squamous metaplasia of the endometrium, which may mimic malignancy. The term ‘morulosis’ indicates extensive squamous mulberry-like metaplasia, which in a large part or nearly entirely affects endometrium, whereas in turn, benign squamous metaplasia or single morules, refers to a limited, usually small regional pathology of endometrium. Because the endometrial glands and stroma gradually undergo the process of squamous metaplasia, in a scanty biopsy material the picture may lead to overdiagnosis. In the epithelioid regions small inactive glands with an immunofenotype different from the remaining endometrium might be observed. So far 21 cases have been reported in English literature. The patients (age 19–45) had presented with abnormal bleeding, infertility or after hormonal therapy. The mechanism of the extensive squamous metaplasia of endometrium is still not clear. The prevailing view holds that morulosis appears to be a result of hormonal imbalance. To shed light on possible pathogenic background of morulosis, we present a case of particularly severe extensive squamous metaplasia of the endometrium (morulosis).
Osseous Metaplasia (Cataracta Ossea) of Lens Remnants in Chronic Uveitis—A Clinicopathologic Report
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Amir Hadayer, Ahmet Özkök, Henry J. Kaplan, Shlomit Schaal
Purpose: To describe clinically and pathologically the rare occurrence of calcification and osseous metaplasia in lens remnants in both eyes of a patient with pseudophakic chronic uveitis. Methods: We performed 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, removal of dislocated intraocular lens (IOL), and secondary IOL fixation in the left eye. A similar procedure was performed in the right eye with 27-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Results: The postoperative visual acuities were 20/30 OD and 20/125 OS. Hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrated an abundance of calcified tissue and rare osteoclasts in lacunae, compatible with osseous metaplasia (cataracta ossea). Conclusion: To our knowledge this is the first clinicopathologic report demonstrating cellular metaplasia that resulted in osseous transformation of the cortical lens remnants into bone in both eyes of a psuedophakic patient with chronic granulomatous pan uveitis of unknown etiology. The surgical technique described in the supplemental videos demonstrates an effective way of managing this complication.
Salt Intake and Risk of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2010
Marina Dias-Neto, Mariana Pintalhão, Mariana Ferreira, Nuno Lunet
The understanding of the association between salt intake and precancerous lesions may contribute to clarify the causal relation with gastric cancer. We systematically reviewed 17 articles addressing the association between dietary salt exposure and gastric intestinal metaplasia and conducted meta-analyses for quantitative synthesis (random effects model). Salt exposure was estimated assessing salted/salty food consumption, preference for salted/salty foods, use of table salt, or sodium urinary excretion. Heterogeneity was also large regarding food items evaluated, consumption categories, and data analysis. The combined odds ratio (OR) was 1.68 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.98–2.90; I2 = 55.4%) for the association between salted/salty meat and intestinal metaplasia (4 studies) and the OR was 1.53 (95% CI = 0.72–3.24; I2 = 76.8%) for salt preference. There was a positive, nonstatistically significant association between intestinal metaplasia and urinary sodium excretion. The heterogeneity of methodological options and results preclude quantitative synthesis or its proper interpretation, even if the available evidence may suggest a positive association between salt and intestinal metaplasia.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Dysplasia
- Histology
- Pathologic Processes
- Carcinogen
- Squamous Metaplasia
- Cervical Canal
- Tumor