Overview of Drug Development
Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard in Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Another major responsibility of the toxicologic pathologist is effective communication, an essential attribute that is often not adequately considered or practiced. Communication should never rely solely on the preparation and distribution of the pathology narrative report and summary tables but also upon interpretation of lesions relative to the biologic mechanisms and pharmacology of the development compound. The pathologist may also need to demonstrate the lesions through the use of selected photomicrographs, in some cases in conjunction with simplified diagrams. The pathologist is successful only when the other members of the drug development team, irrespective of the scientific background, can understand the effects caused by the drug and the potential implications. The lesions should be put into the context of the clinical pathology observations and basic concepts of lesion pathogenesis. Once communication has been effectively achieved with regard to the pathology findings, the toxicologic pathologist should be willing and able to participate in the discussion of future actions to address the issues identified.
Complications of open repair of splanchnic aneurysms
Sachinder Singh Hans, Mark F. Conrad in Vascular and Endovascular Complications, 2021
Hepatic artery aneurysms are the second most common splanchnic aneurysm and constitute roughly 13–20% of visceral artery aneurysms.13,14 The overwhelming majority (80%) of hepatic artery aneurysms are anatomically situated in an extrahepatic location (Figure 22.2), with the remainder situated in the extrahepatic space or within the liver parenchyma itself. Nearly two-thirds of hepatic aneurysms form in the common hepatic artery, one-quarter in the right hepatic artery, and approximately 5% in the left.15,16 The anatomic relationship of the aneurysm in regard to the gastroduodenal artery will carry associated technical implications when considering operative intervention. Unlike splenic artery aneurysms, there is no known association with pregnancy. However, other underlying conditions such as arteritis, arterial dysplasia, or trauma may play a role in aneurysm formation. The majority of these lesions are detected incidentally on imaging performed for alternative indications. Most hepatic artery aneurysms remain asymptomatic, though it is felt that rupture may approach 25% in larger lesions.17 In this setting, hepatic aneurysms greater than 2 cm, pseudoaneurysms, or symptomatic aneurysms should be repaired. When symptomatic, abdominal discomfort, and back pain may ensue. In rarer instances, hemobilia, jaundice, and/or GI bleeding may occur.13,18
Role of Bacteria in Dermatological Infections
K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika in Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare, deep, and aggressive soft-tissue infection that involves the deeper layer of skin and spreads across dermal fascia and remains detrimental for surrounding tissues. The physical manifestations include skin lesions with redness, pain, swelling, erythematous, and edema (Giuliano et al., 1977). It usually occurs as an extension of impaired skin integrity (Pye, 2010). NF is classified microbiologically into three types: Type I NF: It is mostly polymicrobial infection with high incidence of combinations of gram-positive and -negative microorganism along with anaerobes.Type II NF: It is mainly a monomicrobial infection instigated by GAS, non-GAS, S. aureus, and Clostridia spp.Type III NF: It is rarely encountered type of NF wherein, Vibrio vulnificus gain access through dermal breaches exposed to seawater and cause NF (Elliott et al., 2000).
Diagnosing human cutaneous leishmaniasis using fluorescence in situ hybridization
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Thilini Jayasena Kaluarachchi, Rajitha Wickremasinghe, Manjula Weerasekera, Surangi Yasawardene, Andrew J McBain, Bandujith Yapa, Hiromel De Silva, Chandranie Menike, Subodha Jayathilake, Anuradha Munasinghe, Renu Wickremasinghe, Shalindra Ranasinghe
A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out over an 18-month period (2018 October-2020 March). Samples from highly suspicious CL lesions were collected from dermatology clinics conducted at District General Hospital-Matara [12], and Base Hospital-Tangalle [13], areas which are highly endemic for CL in Sri Lanka. Cutaneous leishmaniasis patient selection was carried out by a consultant dermatologist based on the guidelines defined by the Sri Lankan College of Dermatologists [14]. Patients over 18 years of age and who provided written informed consent were recruited into the study. Any person with a debilitating illness/immunosuppression, who had previously received standard treatment for CL for the same presenting lesion, with lesions at sites from which punch biopsies could not be taken (i.e. eyelid, pinna of the ear) and having a history of foreign travel to any leishmaniasis-endemic country were excluded. From each patient, three SSS and two punch biopsies from adjacent sites of the lesion’s active edge were taken. The clinical profile of the lesions was recorded. Sampling was taken by adhering to the WHO recommended bench aids for CL [15].
Skin reactions to latex in dental professionals – first Croatian data
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2019
Iva Japundžić, Liborija Lugović-Mihić
Many factors may be involved in the occurrence of such lesions. Dental medicine workers are obliged to wash their hands frequently and thoroughly, and are therefore frequently exposed to soaps, detergents and disinfectants, which makes them particularly prone to irritant contact dermatitis [15,19]. Even though 56.1% our subjects said they had connected skin changes to work activities, only 6.7% reported soaps and disinfectants as factors which worsened their conditions. Therefore, greater attention should be given to protection against these harmful factors. Likewise, possible reactions to other substances used in work should be considered, making further studies necessary. It should also be kept in mind that persons with a history of allergies face a higher risk of manifesting latex allergies and should therefore be particularly aware of this [11,16].
Fleck-like lesions in CEP290-associated leber congenital amaurosis: a case series
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2022
Tomas S. Aleman, Erin C. O’Neil, Katherine E. Uyhazi, Kelsey M. Parchinski, Arlene J. Santos, Mariejel L. Weber, Sherice P. Colclough, Andrew S. Billek, Xiaosong Zhu, Bart P. Leroy, Emma C. Bedoukian
A different type of lesions was also observed in some of our patients. Discrete pericentral dots, hyperautofluorescent on SW-FAF but not visible on fundus exam, scattered within this region of more severe photoreceptor degeneration. On SD-OCT cross-section the lesions were hyperreflective and localized within the inner retina in the vicinity of blood vessels. Inner retinal glial and synaptic remodeling occurs secondary to photoreceptor degenerations and has been well documented in CEP290-LCA (24,54,55). Discrete hyperautofluorescent lesions have been reported in various retinal degenerations, usually as crystalline retinopathies (56,57). Retinal glial cells, particularly Müller cells, show the strongest autofluorescence within the inner retina on two-photon autofluorescence imaging (58). The appearance and location of the lesions, both in cross-section, as well as within the retina, in regions of ongoing photoreceptor degeneration and secondary inner retinal remodeling (see Figure S1), supports a possible glial origin of these lesions.
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