Catalog of Herbs
James A. Duke in Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Toxicity — The acute oral LD50 for crude johoba oil to male albino rats is higher than 21.5 m€/kg body weight. Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus can ameliorate this toxicity. Rats injected with jojoba oil were similar to controls injected with olive oil. Guinea pigs treated topically with refined jojoba wax for prolonged periods show normal growth and no histopathological changes in the internal organs. Seeds contain 2.25 to 2.34%; seed hulls, 0.19%; core wood, 0.45%; leaves, 0.19 to 0.23%; twigs, 0.63 to 0.75%, and inflorescence, 0.22%; simmondsin is a demonstrated, appetite-depressant toxicant. Three related cyano-methylenecyclohexyl glucosides have also been isolated from the seed meal. Swingle299 found problems using jojoba meal as a protein source in livestock feed. Feeder steers ate significantly less feed when it was supplemented with 10% untreated jojoba meal as compared to cottonseed meal. They were not so quick to digest feed and gain weight.
Bacterial Infections of the Oral Cavity
K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika in Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Bacterial infections contribute to a major deal in the dental, oral, and general health of the individual. Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most common diseases of the oral cavity. The disease-causing microorganisms seem to exhibit a definite site specific pathogenicity. Streptococcus mutans—a caries-producing microorganism causes lesion only when on the tooth structure. Lactobacillus acidophilus is commonly seen in deep carious lesions. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which are associated with periodontal infections when present on enamel structure, was not found to be cariogenic. But species particular to caries or periodontal disease are not isolated, although associations were present (Aas et al., 2005). The complexity of the oral environment demands the study of pathogens to be carried out as a consortium of microorganisms. Culture-independent molecular techniques, site, and subject specificity of the microorganisms seem to play a major role in isolating the etiology and understanding the behavior of the bacterial infections (Loesche et al., 1992). Periodontal disease is not a universal phenomenon. It is surprising that severe forms of this disease affect a group of population who are abnormally susceptible (Genco and Borgnakke, 2013).
Mechanism and Role of Probiotics in Suppressing Bowel Cancer
Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak in Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Normal gut flora manipulates carcinogenesis by synthesizing various enzymes that convert precarcinogens into active carcinogens. The enzymes exhibiting the action are nitroreductase, glycosidase, azoreductase, B-glucuronidase, among others. Several studies have shown that decreased fecal content of these enzymes and secondary bile salts and reduced absorption of injurious mutagenic substances contribute toward bowel cancer by the use of probiotics [30]. One such study showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. casei supplementation facilitated a decline in the intensity of the aforementioned enzymes, while in mice same effects were exerted by Lactobacillus GG administration. Many hypotheses have been postulated on the molecular mechanism of inhibiting colon cancer, like augmenting the immunological responses in host, varying the metabolic activity of the colon flora populations, binding and debasing carcinogenic materials, forming antimutagenic substances, and shifting the physiochemical settings of bowel [26,27].
Effects of garlic polysaccharide on alcoholic liver fibrosis and intestinal microflora in mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Yuchuan Wang, Min Guan, Xin Zhao, Xinli Li
Data in Table 2 show the closest relatives based on results of BLAST searches with DNA sequences obtained from DGGE gel bands identified by cluster analysis. Bands in the same position but in different lanes were excised and sequenced to confirm that they had the same identity (data not shown). e, f and h were sequenced and identified as Lachnospiraceae bacterium with the similarity of 96, 87 and 98%, respectively. a was sequenced and identified as Prevotella sp. with the similarity of 95%. d was sequenced and identified as Lactobacillus acidophilus with the similarity of 98%. Lachnospiraceae existed in normal group, as well as the intensity weakened with alcohol administration. Interesting that one of Lachnospiraceae (h) was dramatically increased in GP-pretreated groups. Lactobacillus and Prevotella both existed in Hugan tablet and GP-pretreated (250 mg/kg) groups, while there was nearly no band at the corresponding place from normal control group particularly. Lactobacillus although existed in negative group, but the intensity was weaker than that in positive, GP-H and GP-L groups. b was sequenced and identified as Facklamia ignava with the similarity of 96%. c was sequenced and identified as Firmicutes bacterium with the similarity of 92%. They both existed in negative, positive, GP-H and GP-L groups, and increased remarkably in negative group. g was sequenced and identified as Psychrobacter sp. with the similarity of 99%.
Soy extract and maltodextrin as microencapsulating agents for Lactobacillus acidophilus: a model approach
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2018
Leidiane Andreia Acordi Menezes, Carlos Antonio Matias de Almeida, Nayra Mendes de Souza Mattarugo, Elídia A. Vetter Ferri, Paulo Rodrigo Stival Bittencourt, Eliane Colla, Deisy Alessandra Drunkler
Probiotics as Lactobacillus acidophilus are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered regularly and in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host (FAO/WHO 2006), including increased immunity (Kaji et al. 2018); reduction of the population of intestinal pathogenic bacteria (Wehkamp et al. 2004); improvement of gut function (Bogsan et al. 2014); improvement in the treatment of food allergies and reduction of serum cholesterol (Wang et al. 2012, Kang et al. 2017); besides presenting anti-inflammatory (Vaghef-Mehrabany et al. 2014), antioxidants, and anti-diabetic functions (Ejtahed et al. 2012, Das and Goyal 2015). However, to play a role as human health promoters, probiotics must reach a high viable number in the intestine (at least 106 CFU.mL−1) (Ferrando et al. 2015). The major obstacle to the incorporation of these microorganisms by the food industry is their high susceptibility to injury and consequently, reduction of viability during storage or digestion (Annan et al. 2008, Maciel et al. 2014, Martin et al.2015). Providing probiotics with physical barrier microencapsulation by spray drying has been postulated as a promising method for protecting probiotic bacteria, improving cell viability and its survival in high concentrations (Champagne et al. 2011, Fritzen-Freire et al. 2012, Pinto et al. 2015, Eckert et al. 2017).
Oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic: a systematic review
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
The addition of O2 scavengers or antioxidant compounds has been suggested as a possible approach to temporarily reducing the O2 level and improving the survival of probiotic strains. Ascorbic acid, green tea extracts, and grape extract have been verified to improve the survival of Lactobacillus strains through their antioxidant action.47 Improved survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in yogurt was achieved by cysteine supplementation.48 Catechin supplementation significantly improved the growth of Lactobacillus helveticus under aerobic conditions, likely through ROS and RNS scavenging or metal ion chelation.49,50 Mn2+ is an important metal in antioxidant enzymes and when intracellularly accumulated, it can help scavenge O2 in L. plantarum during aerobic growth.18,51 Mn2+ supplementation greatly promoted the viable count of L. plantarum under aerobic conditions.52 Most LAB species cannot synthesize GSH and can only accumulate it from the medium.31 GSH supplementation has been found to enhance growth as well as glucose consumption, and to increase soluble protein and amino acid concentrations in Lactobacillus reuteri strain ATCC 23272.53
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anaerobic Organism
- Fermentation
- Glucose
- Lipid Bilayer
- Peptidoglycan
- Probiotic
- Streptococcus Mutans
- Teichoic Acid
- Gram-Positive Bacteria
- Glycolysis