Paediatric oncology
Pat Price, Karol Sikora in Treatment of Cancer, 2014
Radiotherapy is well known to cause widespread longterm effects, affecting any organ that receives a radiation dose. Reduction of limb or body growth, reduction of mobility at irradiated joints and early onset of degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis may be seen. Hypoplasia of affected tissues may render them more susceptible to damage. Osteopenia and osteonecrosis may cause fractures many years after treatment. Cranial radiotherapy is associated with a greater risk of stroke and second primary tumours such as meningioma or glioma. Neuro-endocrine effects of radiation to the pituitary region include loss of one or many pituitary hormones, particularly growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Radiation to the heart alone or in association with anthracycline chemotherapy greatly increases the risk of cardiac impairment and of ischaemic heart disease later in life.
Whitening for Patients Younger Than 18
Linda Greenwall in Tooth Whitening Techniques, 2017
The administration of antibiotics at any age can have an impact on the developing dentition; when the teeth erupt they may have moderate discoloration. This may appear as banding, flecks, or patches. This can also manifest as localized or chronic hypoplasia (Wray and Welbury 2001 UK National Guidelines).
The neonate
Louise C Kenny, Jenny E Myers in Obstetrics, 2017
Pulmonary hypoplasia: is most frequently seen in the context of prolonged preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM). PPROM before 20 weeks’ gestation is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia. Neonatal management is based on titrated ventilatory support taking care not to overdistend the lungs. Mortality reflects the severity of the hypoplasia and the extent of the ventilatory support that is required.
The comparison of the resistivity index values in the ultrasonographic evaluation of a unilateral atrophic/hypoplastic kidney
Published in Renal Failure, 2020
Tahir Dalkiran, Yasar Kandur, Besra Dagoglu, Hatice Saki, Sukru Gungor, Sevcan Ipek
DMSA scintigraphy with posterior and posterior-oblique renal images was performed within the first 14 days of admission of the patients. Differential renal functions were calculated on the posterior images by subtracting background counts and calculating the percentage of total counts for each kidney. The results were considered normal if the radioisotope uptake was homogeneous with no evidence of scarring, and the relative uptake was within the normal range. Differential renal function (DFR) was considered abnormal if renal uptake of a kidney was less than 45% [10]. According to DMSA, a small-sized kidney with a contour defect and a heterogeneous distribution of low-level activity was considered as an atrophic kidney, whereas the one with regular contours and homogeneous activity distribution was considered a hypoplastic kidney. Then, the presence of atrophy/hypoplasia was determined, and their severity categorized according to the extent visualized on two different views by an investigator, who was blind to the children’s clinical and laboratory parameters.
Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases in children
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2023
Cheefoong Chong, Ann L Webber, Shuan Dai
Children with optic nerve hypoplasia often have nystagmus, with levels of visual impairment varying from near normal to perception of light. Classically, the hypoplastic nerve is described as exhibiting a ‘double-ring sign’. However, the degree of hypoplasia is highly variable in severity, ranging from unilateral, mildly hypoplastic nerves, to complete agenesis. A more reliable method for its diagnosis is based on fundus photography, measuring the ratio between disc diameter to disc-macula distance. A ratio of <3 is highly specific for optic nerve hypoplasia32 (Figure 6). From an eye care perspective, all children with optic nerve hypoplasia will require regular review to ensure their refractive error is optimally corrected and low vision aids offered.
Minimal invasive vertical muscle transposition for the treatment of large angle exotropia due to congenital medial rectus hypoplasia: Case Report and Literature Review
Published in Strabismus, 2020
Mohammad Yaser Kiarudi, Aliakbar Sabermoghadam, Mahsa Sardabi, Seyed Vahid Jafarzadeh, Mohammad Etezad Razavi
For the management of strabismus, different transposition methods have been used. In previous studies, the most common procedure was full/half tendon transposition of the vertical rectus muscles to the site of medial rectus insertion with or without myopexy suture (Table 1). In minimal invasive method originally described by Nishida,5 the vector of vertical rectus muscles is brought to the palsied muscle without tenotomy. With this technique, the transposed muscle bellies generate adductional force at the suturing point. In our report, a large-angle exotropia corrected to less than 10 PD exotropia in primary position. In addition, the patient gained some degrees of adduction. We previously corrected large-angle esotropia due to complete sixth nerve palsy by this procedure.4 Sharma et al.13 also applied a modification of this technique in a case of MR hypoplasia.