DUODENUM
C. Daniel Johnson, Grant D. Schmit in Mayo Clinic Gastrointestinal Imaging Review, 2005
Discussion The most frequent cause of thickened duodenal folds is peptic ulcer disease. The folds may be enlarged as a result of edema, or Brunner gland hyperplasia (case 3.34) may simulate fold thickening. Usually, multiple enlarged, discrete nodules that form a cobblestone appearance are present in patients with Brunner gland hyperplasia. Most cases of duodenitis are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. Treatment is with antibiotics and acid blockers. Patients with Crohn disease (cases 3.15, 3.16, and 3.17), giardiasis (case 4.48), sprue (case 3.18), Whipple disease (case 4.49), and lymphoma (case 4.55) also can present with thickened duodenal folds.
Physical activity, benign prostate hyperplasia and prostatitis
Roy J. Shephard in Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera, 2017
Physical activity is associated with a clinically useful reduction in the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is also of interest as a potential palliative treatment in chronic prostatitis. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. There is an increased growth of both glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells, with formation of distinct nodules. The influence of habitual physical activity upon benign prostatic hyperplasia has attracted less attention than its possible role in the prevention of prostate carcinoma. Thirteen investigations have related recreational activity to risk of benign prostate hyperplasia. One report found an adverse effect of physical activity, and two gave inconsistent results, but remaining ten reports pointed to a beneficial outcome, statistically significant in seven of ten trials. Although chronic prostatitis is often treated by a prolonged course of anti biotics, before embarking upon such an intervention it is important to determine the sensitivity of the micro-organisms involved, as they are often resistant to antibiotics.
Iatrogenic disease
T. Yee Khong, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Wenxin Zheng in Diagnostic Endometrial Pathology, 2019
The combined oral contraceptive pill contains an estrogen component and a progestin. Progestins are synthetic forms of progesterone and are widely used for the management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding, although their efficacy in this context is doubtful. They are also used in the management of endometriosis and for contraception in women for whom estrogens are contraindicated. Hormone therapy consisting of estrogens alone has been shown to be associated with a significantly increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia. The progestin-only contraceptive pill contains a low dose of progestin, such as levonorgestrel or norethisterone, and is taken every day with no breaks; the women experience light bleeds which may be irregular initially. Nonmedicated intrauterine contraceptive devices made of plastic or copper and plastic have long been used for contraception. A selective progesterone receptor modulator is an agent that exerts agonist and antagonist activity at the progesterone receptor, depending on the target tissue.
Combined True Thymic Hyperplasia and Lymphoid Hyperplasia in Grave's Disease
Published in Pediatric Pathology, 1990
Randy Judd, Carlos Bueso Ramos
True thymic hyperplasia (enlarged gland composed of histologically unremarkable cortical and medullary parenchyma) and lymphoid hyperplasia (medullary lymphoid follicles in the clinical setting of autoimmunity) usually develop as independent pathologic processes. We reviewed the clinical features and gross and microscopic pathology of 2 hyperthyroid patients with features of both thymic hyperplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia. The diagnosis of thymic hyperplasia was supported by thymic weights greater than two standard deviations above the mean weight for age and histologic evidence of expanded cortical and medullary parenchyma. The diagnosis of lymphoid hyperplasia was supported by the increased number and size of medullary lymphoid follicles and the association with Grave's disease. This unusual combination results from two separate pathogenic mechanisms operating simultaneously in hyperthyroid patients. Elevated thyroid hormones directly stimulate the proliferation of thymic epithelium, producing thymic hyperplasia. The immune abnormalities underlying Grave's disease can also result in lymphoid hyperplasia of the thymus.
THYMIC AND ADENOTONSILLAR ENLARGEMENT AFTER SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF MALIGNANCIES
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2005
Aynur Oguz, Ceyda Karadeniz, Elvan Caglar Citak, Nalan Akyurek Conly, Fikret Ileri, Oznur Boyunaga, Visal Okur, Omer Uluoglu
Anterior mediastinal and adenoid masses in children after cessation of chemotherapy for malignant disease often cause a diagnostic problem. Differential diagnosis of thymic enlargement and adenoid hyperplasia from recurrence frequently poses a challenge both for the radiologist and the physician. In this study the authors evaluated 491 patients with different malignant tumors for thymic and adenoid hyperplasia. Thymic hyperplasia was seen in 18 patients (5 Hodgkin disease (HD), 5 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 4 Wilms tumor, 2 germ cell tumor, 1 Ewing sarcoma, and 1 neuroblastoma), only adenotonsillar hyperplasia was seen in 6 patients, all with NHL, and both thymic and adenotonsillar hyperplasia were seen in 3 patients (1 HD, 2 NHL). In 5 patients, adenoid hyperplasia was proven by biopsy; 1 patient underwent to adenoidectomy. Their histopathologic investigation showed polyclonal follicular hyperplasia. The authors recommend that patients with thymic and/or adenotonsillar enlargement after successful treatment of their primary malignancy should be evaluated cautiously before an invasive procedure is planned.
Treatment of atypical endometrial hyperplasia with an insulin-sensitizing agent
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2003
D. R. Session, K. R. Kalli, I. S. Tummon, M. A. Damario, D. A. Dumesic
Endometrial cancer and hyperplasia have long been associated with diabetes. Hyperinsulinemia may have a direct mitogenic effect on the endometrium and may inhibit the effect of progestogen therapy. This case report describes the treatment of a patient with atypical endometrial hyperplasia with an insulin-sensitizing agent. A 37-year-old patient presented after failed treatment of endometrial hyperplasia with progestogen therapy. One month after initiating metformin therapy the patient's endometrial biopsy demonstrated proliferative endometrium. This patient's atypical endometrial hyperplasia regressed after the initiation of treatment with an insulin-sensitizing agent. This relatively new class of drugs may provide an adjunct to the therapy of endometrial hyperplasia.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Hypertrophy
- Neoplasm
- Gross Anatomy
- Benign Tumor
- Cell Growth