Parasite Versus Host: Pathology and Disease
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2015
A granuloma represents the host’s attempt to isolate an antigenic source and mitigate the damage caused by this source. In schistosomiasis, the source of antigens is the egg itself (Figure 5.13). Granulomas result in considerable pathology. Once granulomas have initially formed, the excess collagen and other extracellular matrix material deposited around them cause scarring. In the liver, such scarring disrupts liver function. In severe cases, it can occlude the portal veins, causing portal hypertension. Ultimately, ascites, the buildup of tissue fluid in the mesenteries and abdominal cavity, can result. Nevertheless, things would be much worse if granulomas did not form. Rampant inflammation in response to egg antigens would result in progressive tissue necrosis and ultimate organ failure.
Parasite Versus Host: Pathology and Disease
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2023
A granuloma represents the host’s attempt to isolate an antigenic source and mitigate the damage caused by this source. In schistosomiasis, the source of antigens is the egg itself (Figure 5.19). Granulomas result in considerable pathology. Once granulomas have initially formed, the excess collagen and other extracellular matrix material deposited around them cause scarring. In the liver, such scarring disrupts liver function. In severe cases, it can occlude branches of the portal vein, causing portal hypertension. Ultimately, ascites, the buildup of tissue fluid in the mesenteries and abdominal cavity, can result. Nevertheless, things would be much worse if granulomas did not form. Rampant inflammation in response to egg antigens would result in progressive tissue necrosis and ultimately organ failure. It’s worth noting that the granulomatous response is good for the parasite as well. Recent evidence has shown that it is vital in helping eggs transit into the intestinal lumen.
Inflammation and spermatogenesis
C. Yan Cheng in Spermatogenesis, 2018
We will analyze the main features of the immune response induced in rats immunized with testicular homogenate in Freund’s complete adjuvant and Bordetella pertussis as coadjuvant.25 Focal orchitis develops 50 days after the first immunization and severe orchitis after 80 days. Focal orchitis is characterized by multiple foci of STs with different degrees of germ cell sloughing associated with discrete peritubular immune cell infiltrates, mainly of dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and lymphocytes. In severe orchitis, aspermatogenesis occurs in most of the STs in which only spermatogonia, a few basal spermatocytes, and Sertoli cells are present (Figure 4.1). Abundant immune cell infiltrates are present in the interstitium, but unlike EAO in mice or human orchitis, the inflammatory cells are not detected inside damaged STs. Most are atrophic and the number of apoptotic postmeiotic germ cells increases. Granulomas are frequently observed. Proinflammatory mediators, secreted mainly by immune cells, increase in the testis of EAO rats, generating an inflammatory microenvironment responsible for impairment of testicular function.
Evaluating safety in hyaluronic acid lip injections
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Tyler Safran, Arthur Swift, Sebastian Cotofana, Andreas Nikolis
Interestingly, the presence of nodularity was the most common adverse event in the case report group, representing 56.7% of cases. Regardless, it’s incidence in the general population is quite rare and often caused by bolus of superficial placed product. In the delayed nodularity group, the most common etiology was that of a granuloma. A granuloma is an organized focus of chronic inflammation. It is characterized by aggregated chronic inflammatory cells – macrophages transformed into epithelium-like cells surrounded by mononuclear leukocytes. These epithelium-like cells fuse to form giant cells that may attain diameters of 40 to 50 nm. They are the body’s response to relatively inert foreign bodies, large particle too big to be engulfed by a single macrophage, or as a result of chronic indolent infection [48,49]. These granulomas may present after 6 months post-injection and their composition varies depending on the filler that was injected. A rationale for a ‘cold’ granuloma cocktail protocol is suggested in Table 2.
Sarcoidosis presenting as acute pericarditis. A case report and review of pericardial sarcoidosis
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2022
Alexandre Unger, Philippe Unger, Raphaël Mottale, Mihaela Amzulescu, Abraham J. Beun
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease that may affect virtually any organ. Its prevalence varies with ethnicity and geographical location, with a female predominance. It usually develops before the age of 50. For unknown reasons, an exaggerated immune response leads to the formation of non-caseating granulomas. It primarily involves the lungs and lymphatic system but the heart can be affected in 2 to 5% of cases, and up to 25% in autopsy series [1,2]. Cardiac sarcoidosis usually targets the myocardium and conduction pathways [1]. As a result of its morbidity and mortality, cardiac involvement should be thoroughly evaluated in all patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis [3]. When pericardial disease is present, it usually manifests as an asymptomatic mild effusion [4]. However, literature on symptomatic disease such as acute pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, and cardiac tamponade is scarce.
Early Identification of Fungal and Mycobacterium Infections in Pulmonary Granulomas Using Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing on Formalin fixation and paraffin embedding tissue
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Wenwen Sun, Zhengwei Dong, Yiming Zhou, Kunlong Xiong, Hongcheng Liu, Zhemin Zhang, Lin Fan
The diagnosis of pulmonary granuloma remains difficult, including infectious and noninfectious diseases. The treatment of infectious granuloma differs greatly compared with noninfectious granuloma, so it is important to identify the pathogens [1]. Infection is the most common cause of pulmonary granuloma worldwide. The most common pathogens are mycobacteria and fungi, and the prevalence of infection varies geographically [1]. In general, histology could rarely diagnose a specific granuloma alone, and diagnostic procedures should focus on precise clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, detection of infectious microorganisms and radiological evaluation. The limited size of tissue samples from transbronchial/percutaneous lung biopsy coupled with observer differences between pathologists complicates the interpretation of histopathology; therefore, surgical lung biopsies can provide larger tissue samples. But even after careful clinical and pathological examinations, only 60% of the patients can define the cause [2]. In some cases where surgical biopsies are still inconclusive, repeated biopsies may result in greater trauma. Undiagnosed infections might spread and progress postoperatively.
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