Where Cancer and Bacteria Meet
Ananda M. Chakrabarty, Arsénio M. Fialho in Microbial Infections and Cancer Therapy, 2019
Anaerobic gram-negative bacteria have also been implicated in several forms of cancer. One of the best studied species is Fusobacterium nucleatum, representative of the genus Fusobacterium. This spindle-shaped strict anaerobe is commonly found both in the oral cavity and in the gut. F. nucleatum induces permanent chronic inflammation in the colon and has thus been associated with colorectal cancer. However, the mechanism is still unclear. Rubinstein et al. [15] showed that F. nucleatum adheres to and invades tissues, which activates inflammatory responses and stimulates the growth of colorectal cells. The underlying mechanism involves the interaction of colonic cells with the bacterial adhesin FadA, which binds to E-cadherin. The same authors showed 100 times higher fadA gene levels in the colon tissue from patients with adenomas and adenocarcinomas than in healthy individuals, thus identifying FadA as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.
Spiramycin
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Spiramycin in the treatment of gonorrhoea, 1970), and Haemophilus influenzae have developed some resistance to spiramycin, such that susceptibility cannot be assumed. Although macrolide (including spiramycin) resistance in S. pneumoniae is increasing, there is evidence that spiramycin has activity against some erythromycin-resistant strains (Klugman et al., 1998). This appears to be dependent on the mechanism of erythromycin resistance: strains carrying the erm(A) gene appear to have high rates of cross-resistance (Mazzariol et al., 2007). Spiramycin is used in the veterinary setting, and this has been associated with appearance of resistant Campylobacter species in animals raised for meat production (Aarestrup et al., 1997), with consequent concerns for transmission to humans. Data have shown significant resistance in agents of periodontitis in the United States, especially Fusobacterium nucleatum (Rams et al., 2011).
The Microbiome – Role in Personalized Medicine
David Perlmutter in The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
Over the past five years, overwhelming evidence has been published outlining a strong connection between disturbances of the microbiome and various immunometabolic diseases.69 In cancer therapy, it is now known that there are responders and non-responders to PD-1 targeted immunotherapy, and response status is influenced by the composition of an individual’s microbiome. This finding suggests that the intestinal microbiota should be considered when assessing therapeutic intervention.70,71 A 2018 study reported that the abundance of certain bacterial species in the microbiome – Bifidobacterium longum, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Enterococcus faecium – was found to be associated with responders to anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients.72 Another recent publication stated that the bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum is a chemoresistance mediator in colorectal cancer therapy.73 In lung cancer, the commensal microbiota is closely correlated with chronic inflammation and lung adenocarcinoma through the activation of lung-resident gamma delta T cells.74
Changes in the oral and nasal microbiota in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Xiaoman Zhang, Xinyi Li, Huajun Xu, Zhihui Fu, Fan Wang, Weijun Huang, Kejia Wu, Chenyang Li, Yupu Liu, Jianyin Zou, Huaming Zhu, Hongliang Yi, Su Kaiming, Meizhen Gu, Jian Guan, Shankai Yin
Fusobacterium is one of the symbiotic bacteria mainly colonized the oral and colonic mucosa of human and animal [42]. Fusobacterium is greatly associated with anaerobe infections of head and neck in children [43]. In addition, Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in colorectal carcinoma [44]. Fusobacteria has been detected at a tonsillar site in pediatric OSA patients and associated with the AHI [40,45]. Fusobacterium nucleatum could promote tumor cell proliferation through various mechanisms: 1) The combination of FadA and E-cadherin derived β-Catenin/Wnt activation [46]; 2) The activation of the LPS-TLR4-NF-κB pathway promoted the expression of miR21, which directly regulated the expression of anti-oncogenes [46]; 3) The outer membrane vesicles activated TLR4 to promote the expression of inflammatory factors [47]. Therefore, it was reasonable to suspect that the increase of Fusobacterium in the oral and nasal cavity of pediatric OSA might be closely related to the hypertrophy of adenoids. However, the causal relationship between them was still unclear, that was, whether the change of the abundance of Fusobacterium leads to the hypertrophy of adenoids, or whether the hypertrophy of adenoids leads to the change of the oral and nasal cavity environment, thereby causing the change of the abundance of Fusobacterium.
Association of Helicobacter bilis Infection with the Development of Colorectal Cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Wei Peng, Huan Li, Yun Xu, Li Yan, Zhenzhen Tang, Amir Hossein Mohseni, Sedigheh Taghinezhad-S, Xiaowei Tang, Xiangsheng Fu
It has been suggested that several intestinal bacteria are involved in the initiation and progression of CRC (32, 33). Fusobacterium nucleatum, for example, has been demonstrated to play an important role in the carcinogenesis of CRC in our previous studies (21, 34, 35). Recent studies have pointed out that H.bilis has the ability to lead to tumorigenesis, such as extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and gallbladder cancer (14, 36, 37). In the present study, we found that H.bilis was prevalent in human CRC tissues. Some studies which performed on cellular level or animal models have reported that H.bilis promoted the development of CRC either because of a direct effect (eg., through its virulence factors γ - glutamate transpeptidase) or indirectly through alterations in the intestinal microbial community (20, 38). These findings suggest that H.bilis is another potential microbial pathogen associated with CRC.
Therapeutic methods of gut microbiota modification in colorectal cancer management – fecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Agnieszka Daca, Mateusz Fic, Thierry van de Wetering, Marcin Folwarski, Wojciech Makarewicz
Gut microbiota may be used as a prognostic biomarker to assess overall survival (OS), in patients with colorectal cancer as shown in a pilot study conducted by Wei et al.80 A high abundance of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis was related to worse OS after the surgical procedure. On the contrary, a high abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was associated with a better OS. This study confirms the hypothesis that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii plays a protective role in this situation. In addition, clinical trials have revealed that there is a low abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in patients with ulcerative colitis.80 The beneficial effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii are thought to be mediated mainly through its high capacity to induce IL-10 secretion in humans. Due to these anti-inflammatory properties, it may provide protection against colitis.81
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