Aetiology and Laboratory Diagnosis
Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis in Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair and Nails, 2020
Dermatophytosis of the scalp, glabrous skin and nails is caused by a closely related group of fungi known as dermatophytes which have the ability to utilise keratin as a nutrient source, i.e. they have a unique enzymatic capacity. It is important to stress that fewer than 50% of dystrophic nails are of fungal aetiology and that it is therefore essential to establish a correct laboratory diagnosis by microscopy and/or culture before treating a patient with a systemic antifungal agent. For a laboratory diagnosis, clinicians should be aware of the need to generate an adequate amount of suitable clinical material. In patients with suspected dermatophytosis of the nails, the nail plate should be pared and scraped using a blunt scalpel until the crumbling white degenerating portion is reached. Therefore, it is essential to perform both direct microscopy and culture on all specimens, and repeat collections should always be considered in cases of suspected dermatophytosis with negative laboratory reports.
The Etiology of the Anxiety Disorders
Judy Z. Koenigsberg in Anxiety Disorders, 2020
What are the themes that underlie integrated and unified etiological models for the anxiety disorders? Chapter 4, “The Etiology of the Anxiety Disorders: Themes that Underlie Integrated Psychotherapy Models of the Anxiety Disorders,” explains concepts that relate to the etiology of the anxiety disorders from the perspective of integrated and unified psychotherapy models and shows how these conceptualizations develop and interact across different aspects of an individual’s lifespan. The chapter explores the common and distinctive aspects of the anxiety disorders and the development and maintenance of the anxiety disorders within the context of integrated and unified perspectives. “The Etiology of the Anxiety Disorders: Themes that Underlie Integrated Psychotherapy Models of the Anxiety Disorders” examines conscious and unconscious layers involved in integrated etiological approaches, investigates the relationship between attachment and the etiology of the anxiety disorders, and shows how etiology can be viewed from a neuroscience perspective. It explores the relationship between a transdiagnostic approach and the brain’s neural circuitry, the relationship between a transtheoretical model, the regulation of emotion, and dysfunctional attachment, the contribution of vulnerability variables, and the way in which integral and unified frameworks approach the development and maintenance of the anxiety disorders.
Psychology of mental health
Dominic Upton in Introducing Psychology for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals, 2013
At the end of this chapter you will be able to: Define mental health Evaluate the classification of mental health and abnormality Understand the nature of schizophrenia, including the subtypes, symptoms, aetiology and treatment Appreciate the nature of anxiety disorders including their nature, aetiology and treatment Interpret specific knowledge about the diagnosis, aetiology and treatment for both major depression and bipolar disorder Understand the differing concepts for personality disorder (clusters A, B and C), particularly the diagnosis, aetiology and treatment for antisocial and borderline personality disorder Understand the nature of anorexia and bulimia nervosa, the various aetiological explanations and effectiveness of treatments Appreciate the range of substance misuse disorders and their diagnosis, aetiology and treatment Understand what is meant by the Mental Health Act.
Does Closeness to Someone Who Is Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual Influence Etiology Beliefs About Homosexuality?
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2016
Jill M. Chonody, Phillip S. Kavanagh, Michael R. Woodford
Research suggests that contact with sexual minorities and etiology beliefs regarding the origins of homosexuality are associated with antigay bias; however, factors related to etiology beliefs have received little empirical attention. Our primary research question is: Does closeness to someone who is gay, lesbian, or bisexual influence etiology beliefs? Students (n = 851) from four U.S. universities completed an anonymous survey, and regression results indicated that contact and closeness were not significantly associated with etiology beliefs. Because both contact and relationship closeness were associated with antigay attitudes, and closeness demonstrated the largest effect, we tested three alternative structural equation models to determine if contact and closeness mediated etiology beliefs. Results suggested that contact and the degree of closeness are indirectly associated with students’ etiology beliefs through antigay bias.
Risk factors and etiology of childhood hearing loss: a cohort review of 296 subjects
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Kai Niu, Anni Brandström, Sara Skenbäck, Maoli Duan, Inger Uhlén
Background: The association between the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) risk factors and etiology of hearing loss (HL) is not studied well in children. Objectives: To clarify the etiologic causes and evaluate the JCIH risk characteristics of children with HL. Methods: A retrospective study of 296 children with HL born between 2009.01 and 2013.12 in Stokholm. Demographic data, family and medical histories, audiologic results, imaging findings, and genetic results were ascertained and analyzed. Results: In 221 with bilateral hearing loss (BHL), family history and neonatal risk indicators were the most common risks (59 each), followed by syndrome related risks. In 75 with unilateral hearing loss (UHL), craniofacial anomaly was the most common risk, followed by family history. Etiology was established in 93 with BHL, in which syndromic HL accounted for 37.2%, chromosomal aberrations for 21.3%, and environmental causes for 19.1%. Etiology was established in 35 with UHL, in which ear malformation accounted for the most (74.3%), followed by environmental causes (14.3%). Conclusions and significance: Childhood HL can be attributed to a variety of causes with an etiology identifiable in 42.5% of BHL and 46.7% of UHL. BHL and UHL have different patterns of JCIH risk exposure and etiology.
Nutritional Factors Involved in the Etiology of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Farhad Vahid, Sayed Hossein Davoodi
Context: Since treatment options for GC are limited, the best and most effective way is to try to reduce the incidences and understanding prevention strategies. Objective: The success in prevention strategies depends on understanding etiologic mechanisms. Our goal is to identify the major nutritional risk factors for GC, and we will examine the controversial evidence. Data Sources: We used Pub Med, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, Elsevier, Springer, and MEDLINE databases for extracting articles. Data Extraction: Human studies published in English from 1997to2018 were included. Two reviewers other than authors initially assessed abstract of 742 papers and 248papers were selected for future assessments. After full review and consideration of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we used 85 articles. Results: Dietary salt is a strong independent risk for GC whereas alcohol is most likely a risk only in the presence of heavy alcohol consumption. Red meat and high-fat diet increase the risk of developing GC but fresh fruits, vegetables and certain micronutrients like selenium and vitamin C are protective. Conclusion: Some nutrients such as selenium, vitamin C, folate, iron, and zinc are involved in the etiology of GC. On the other hand; salt, fats, alcohol, red meat, and pepper were reported to be risk factors for GC. Since the GC is a heterogeneous malignancy and multiple factors are involved in its genesis.
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