Escherichia
Dongyou Liu in Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Covering a group of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile, non-spore-forming bacilli (informally known as “coliforms”), the genus Escherichia (named after its discoverer Theodor Escherich) is classified taxonomically in the family Enterobacteriaceae, order Enterobacteriales, class Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria. To date, six species are recognized within the genus Escherichia, i.e., Escherichia albertii, Escherichia coli (the type-species, obsolete synonyms: Bacterium coli and Bacillus coli), Escherichia fergusonii, Escherichia hermannii, Escherichia marmotae, and Escherichia vulneris, with two former Escherichia species, Escherichia adecarboxylata and Escherichia blattae, being redesignated as Leclercia adecarboxylata and Shimwellia blattae, respectively [1,2].
Bacteria
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly in The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Escherichia coli is a normal part of the intestinal flora of humans and other warm-blooded animals, is involved in the synthesis of vitamin K (Bentley and Meganathan 1982), and may also help prevent infection with more pathogenic bacteria by outcompeting them (Reid et al. 2001). However, some serogroups of E. coli can be highly pathogenic, causing severe diarrhea and other gastrointestinal dysfunction. Six pathogenic variants have been identified that may cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, including EPEC (enteropathogenic E. coli), ETEC (enterotoxogenic E. coli), EIEC (enteroinvasive E. coli), STEC or EHEC (Shiga toxin producing or enterohemorrhagic E. coli), and EAEC (enteroaggregative E. coli) (Calik et al. 2016; Croxen et al. 2013). Humans may acquire pathogenic forms such as ETEC or EPEC from livestock, such as cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep, due to fecal contamination of meat (Julian 2016). Escherichia coli is commonly identified as part of the normal flora of wild primates without differentiating serogroups. However, EPEC has been identified in several species of New World primates (Alouatta, Aotus, Ateles, Saguinus spp.) and in South African baboons (Papio ursinus).
Chronic Pelvic Pain
Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole in Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Irritable bowel syndrome, as with chronic pelvic pain, has been associated with underlying psychological factors (either predisposing the patient to disordered sensory perception or as a result of a chronic illness). Patients who have IBS by Rome II criteria are likely to have pan-enteric dysmotility with frequent dyspepsia, associated with psychological morbidity and greatly impaired quality of life (Portincasa et al., 2003); therefore, psychological therapy may improve these patients’ outcomes and include cognitive-behavior therapy, dynamic psychotherapy, and hypnosis (Guthrie et al., 1993; Viera et al., 2002). Patients with chronic diarrhea must be evaluated carefully, often with a gastroenterologist in consultation. Although symptoms may have become chronic, it is possible that the patient may have contracted infectious diarrhea due to any one of a number of bacteria or parasites including Shigella, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Camphylobacter, or Amoeba (Hightower & Roberts, 1981).
Bacterial imbalance and gut pathologies: Association and contribution of E. coli in inflammatory bowel disease
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2019
Shahanavaj Khan, Ahamad Imran, Abdul Malik, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Abdur Rub, Arif Tasleem Jan, Jakeera Begum Syed, Christian Rolfo
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative bacterium that normally resides in the intestine of humans and many animals [10]. Although most strains of E. coli are not injurious, several strains produce toxins during infection that can cause diarrhea, fever, urinary tract infections pain, and intestinal cancer [11,12]. In 1998, a study detected a new pathogenic E. coli strain in inflamed intestine tissues of CD patients [13]. However, diagnosis of such E. coli was performed mostly via phenotypic-based classical immunological assays, not molecular assays such as polymerase chain reaction or restriction digestion of specific virulence genes [14]. Uropathogenic E. coli serotypes were identified in many patients with UC flares in the 1970s [15]. E. coli are generally classified into A, B1, B2, and D phylogenetic groups. Commensal strains are found in the A and B1 groups, which carry only a few virulence genes, while the B2 and D pathogenic groups generally have many virulence genes that support adhesion and persistent extra-intestinal infection [16]. Furthermore, the B2 E. coli group was shown to exhibit extra-intestinal pathogenic potential (ExPEC) due to the large number of virulence genes, and was found to be abundant in active UC patients [17]. Therefore, alterations in the diversity, richness, and stability of the bacterial ecosystem in host intestines are associated with gut pathologies including IBD and CRC.
Myosin light chain kinase regulates intestinal permeability of mucosal homeostasis in Crohn’s disease
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2020
Yiran Yao, Qi Feng, Jun Shen
Some researchers consider IBD as a disease of impaired barrier [129]. The term ‘mucosal barrier’ appropriately emphasizes the critical shielding and resistance function of the intestinal mucosa in its interaction with the microbiota [13]. For example, the imbalance of intestinal Escherichia coli microbiota influences intestinal permeability and CD pathogenesis [130]. Escherichia coli is a group of intestinal colonization bacteria, most of which are harmless to the human body. Among them, adhesion invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) could selectively target TJ protein, resulting in insult to the intestinal barrier. When the intestinal barrier is impaired, AIEC is internalized and replicated, leading to further deterioration of the intestinal barrier function. Inflammation acts as a leading role in the damage to the intestinal barrier. In particular, AIEC directly or indirectly activates TNF-α/NF-κB/MLCK pathway to increase intestinal permeability. However, when probiotics overcome pathogens, they may restore microbial balance, TJ complex, and intestinal permeability. Which provide a potential therapy to restore barrier function in CD [131].
Gut commensal microbiota and decreased risk for Enterobacteriaceae bacteriuria and urinary tract infection
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Matthew Magruder, Emmanuel Edusei, Lisa Zhang, Shady Albakry, Michael J. Satlin, Lars F. Westblade, Line Malha, Christina Sze, Michelle Lubetzky, Darshana M. Dadhania, John R. Lee
Recent studies have shown that the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria is associated with UTI development. Thanert and colleagues evaluated 14 non-transplant patients with recurrent UTIs or non-recurrent UTIs and found that the gut was one of three different sources for recurrence of UTIs.11 In a study that we performed at our center, we observed that the gut abundance of Escherichia was associated with future development of Escherichia bacteriuria and UTI.9 These studies investigated the relationship between the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria and UTI development. The current study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to investigate whether high relative abundance of commensal organisms is associated with lower rates of UTI development.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bacteria
- Endospore
- Enterobacteriaceae
- Escherichia Coli
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Vitamin K
- Pathogen
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Facultative Anaerobic Organism
- Warm-Blooded