Sulfonamides
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Enterobacteriaceae, such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, Yersinia, Salmonella, and Shigella spp., are sulfonamide susceptible although resistance is increasing. However, Providencia spp. are often resistant (Hawkey, 1984). The pathogenic Neisseriae (gonococci and meningococci) were initially susceptible; however, sulfadiazine-resistant strains of N. meningitidis emerged in the USA in the 1960s in the context of mass treatment of military recruit camp outbreaks (Brundage et al., 2002). Haemophilus influenzae type b, including ampicillin-resistant strains, is susceptible; this organism can be inhibited by concentrations achievable in saliva (Bannatyne and Cheung, 1978). Often H. ducreyi is susceptible to sulfonamides, but the rates of susceptibility vary according to geographical location (Kraus et al., 1982; Dangor et al., 1990).
Metabolomics and perinatal complications
Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos in New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Contrasting results have been shown by the group of Wandro and coworkers (24), evaluating stool samples from 32 very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Microbiome and metabolome were analyzed along 6 weeks of life (GC-MS). It was demonstrated that health outcome was not correlated with microbial communities or metabolites, even if in a small sample of patients. Such samples were characterized by low levels of Bifidobacterium spp. and high levels of Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. In these results, LOS did not influence metabolomics findings. According to the authors, the main factors influencing microbiome and metabolome resulted in nearly uniform antibiotic administration in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (24).
Molecular detection of DHA-1 AmpC beta-lactamase gene in Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates in Indonesia
Robert Hofstra, Noriyuki Koibuchi, Suthat Fucharoen in Advances in Biomolecular Medicine, 2017
Detection of AmpC beta-lactamase enzyme is important to improve the clinical treatment for patients with infection due to Enterobacteriaceae. Recently, several phenotypic tests for detection of this enzyme are being developed with varying degrees of success, such as AmpC Disk Test, 3-Aminophenylboronic Acid Disk Test, and Three-Dimensional Test.5,6 However, there is no specific phenotypic test to confirm the presence of AmpC beta-lactamases in clinical isolates which has been validated by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).4 Therefore, there is a need to conduct an examination using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) as the gold standard method to detect the presence of AmpC beta-lactamase gene in Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates.2,7
Freeze-dried fecal samples are biologically active after long-lasting storage and suited to fecal microbiota transplantation in a preclinical murine model of Clostridioides difficile infection
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Julie Reygner, Christine Charrueau, Johanne Delannoy, Camille Mayeur, Véronique Robert, Céline Cuinat, Thierry Meylheuc, Aurélie Mauras, Jérémy Augustin, Ioannis Nicolis, Morgane Modoux, Francisca Joly, Anne-Judith Waligora-Dupriet, Muriel Thomas, Nathalie Kapel
Viability of the fecal microbiota in FD or frozen samples was evaluated after 1 week (W1) and 3, 6, or 12 months (M3, M6, M12) of storage and compared to that of the corresponding fresh stool samples, using culture methods for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Two samples were studied until 18 months (M18) of storage. Briefly, samples were serially diluted in sterile peptone water before spreading on several culture media with an automatic spiral system (Chemunex-AES Laboratory, France), allowing the enumeration of total bacteria, Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp.; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. Plates were incubated at 37°C under aerobic or anaerobic conditions for 2 to 5 days as previously described.48 Bacterial counts were expressed as log CFU/g of feces. The threshold of detection was 3 log CFU/g of feces. EOS bacteria were cultured on a rich nonselective culture medium (YBHI supplemented with cellobiose, maltose, and cysteine) under anaerobic conditions (N2/CO2/H2:80/10/10) for enumeration. Each dilution was spread on two plates, one being placed under anaerobic conditions, whereas the other was left out of the anaerobic chamber for 1 h, to eliminate EOS strains, before proceeding to incubation under anaerobic conditions for 48 h. The difference between the number of colonies on the two plates corresponded to the level of EOS strains.29
Mortality associated with third generation cephalosporin-resistance in Enterobacteriaceae infections: a multicenter cohort study in Southern China
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Jiancong Wang, Mouqing Zhou, Therese Hesketh, Evangelos I. Kritsotakis
The following indicator organisms in the Enterobacteriaceae family were included for analysis: E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., and other Enterobacteriaceae species (i.e. Morganella, Proteus, Providencia, Serratia, and Salmonella species). Microbiological identification and susceptibility testing were performed using VITEK® 2 (BioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France). The breakpoints for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were based on the US National Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (modified version based on M100-28th edition in 2017) [20]. The indicator antimicrobial for third-generation cephalosporin resistance was ceftriaxone, with an MIC≤1 defining susceptibility and an MIC ≥2 defining resistance.
Alcohol decreases intestinal ratio of Lactobacillus to Enterobacteriaceae and induces hepatic immune tolerance in a murine model of DSS-colitis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Paulius V. Kuprys, Abigail R. Cannon, Jennifer Shieh, Noama Iftekhar, Sun K. Park, Joshua M. Eberhardt, Xianzhong Ding, Mashkoor A. Choudhry
IBD flares and colitis models are characterized by increases in intestinal Enterobacteriaceae,15–17,47 with similar increases noted in individuals with chronic alcohol consumption.14,18,48 We observed that the combination of colitis and ethanol increased the Enterobacteriaceae greater than that seen in either experimental group separately. In fact, ethanol alone did not produce any significant changes, suggesting that the presence of preexisting intestinal inflammation may be required in order for ethanol to have an effect on the Enterobacteriaceae. The observed increases in the Enterobacteriaceae are relevant as they can penetrate the mucus layer of UC patient intestines,15,16,21 and studies carried out in UC disease models show that this penetration occurs before the onset of intestinal tissue damage.22,23 Furthermore, selectively limiting the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae in a mouse model of colitis has been shown to decrease colitis severity.49
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