Robust Nuclei Segmentation using Statistical Level Set Method with Topology Preserving Constraint
Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri in Level Set Method in Medical Imaging Segmentation, 2019
Pathology is a medical specialty which concerns laboratory examination of cells and tissue samples with the purpose of diagnosis and characterization of diseases. More specifically, cytopathological and histopathological examinations of a biopsy or surgical specimen are two main branches of anatomical pathology that are commonly applied to diagnose various diseases, including cancer. Cytopathology (or cytology) refers to the microscopic investigation of samples at the cellular level and is mainly advantageous when quick preparation, staining, and interpretation procedures are needed. Despite the fact that cytopathological imagery are highly beneficial as they provide great cellular detail at low cost, cytopathological examinations alone are not sufficient for accurate diagnosis purposes. For instance, they cannot indicate whether the cancer cells are spreading into and damaging surrounding tissues. Therefore, to obtain higher diagnostic accuracy, the preliminary cytopathological tests must be confirmed by the so-called histopathological (or histological) assessments for which the overall tissue architecture is evaluated. Pathologists usually make diagnostic interferences by visual inspection of cells based on their morphological features and architecture, such as shape, position, size, number, etc. Although still being considered as the gold standard, manual examination of biological images is tedious work which requires many hours of human labor. This highlights the requirement for an automatic system that accurately measures these features in a few seconds.
Quality assurance
Michael Galloway, Suzanne Chapman, Peter Lees, Jenny Simpson in BAMM Clinical Directors’ Series Clinical Director of Pathology, 2018
The application of external assessment to histopathology and cytopathology has proven to be very controversial. Apart from the difficulties in how individual (usually regional) schemes are organised, there remains considerable dispute as to how substandard performance should be defined and what remedial action would be appropriate for individuals whose performance was suspect. With the coming of clinical governance and revalidation for all consultants, it now seems that at long last these issues will finally be resolved. CPA (UK) Ltd now has responsibility for the accreditation of all EQA schemes, including histopathology and cytopathology, and we can now look forward to a more uniform and positive attitude to EQA in these disciplines. Whereas with the analytical disciplines professional accountability will be monitored through the Joint Working Group on Quality Assurance, for histopathology and cytopathology professional accountability will be through an advisory panel and the Royal College of Pathologists.
Ultrasound-Guided Transthoracic Needle Biopsy
Armin Ernst, David J. Feller–Kopman in Ultrasound–Guided Procedures and Investigations, 2005
Repeat biopsies may be taken from different areas by slightly changing the angle of the introducer. The use of an introducer allows these repeat biopsies without additional punctures of the pleura. The primary advantage of fine needle aspiration is safety due to the small size of the needle. A disadvantage, however, is the small amount of specimen obtained. Histologic diagnosis is rarely possible and the tumor type often cannot be determined with the cytopathology alone. At any time, a cutting needle may be advanced through the introducer to obtain a core sample, if on-site cytopathology indicates inadequate material (21–24).
Oral co-delivery nanoemulsion of 5-fluorouracil and curcumin for synergistic effects against liver cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Pu Guo, Chao Pi, Shijie Zhao, Shaozhi Fu, Hongru Yang, Xiaoli Zheng, Xiaomei Zhang, Ling Zhao, Yumeng Wei
Normal BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10) including the control, CU (70 mg kg−1), FU (12.5 mg kg−1), CU+FU (CU (70 mg kg−1):FU (12.5 mg kg−1) = 2:1, mol/mol) and CU/FU-LN (CU (70 mg kg−1):FU (12.5 mg kg−1) = 2:1, mol/mol). All treatments were administrated by gavage daily for 45 d. The 5-fluorouracil dose was determined based on a clinical oral 5-fluorouracil dose of 40–80 mg kg−1 d−1 and a conversion factor of 0.026 between humans (70 kg) and mice (20 g). The curcumin dose was established according to a 2:1 molar ratio of curcumin:5-fluorouracil. Mouse weight and physical condition were monitored throughout the trial. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed and their hearts, livers, kidneys, stomachs, and small intestines were excised, fixed in 4% (v/v) paraformaldehyde for ≥48 h, embedded in paraffin, sliced in 5 μm sections, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Cytopathology was observed under a microscope (BA 400 Digital; Germany).
The Texas Society of Pathologists: molded by the legacy of pathology and focused on excellence in medicine for 100 years and beyond
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Pathology developed as a medical science along with physics, chemistry, anatomy, histology, physiology, biochemistry, and microbiology in Europe after the Renaissance.10,11 In the 18th century, stalwarts, including Giovanni Battista Morgagni and Carl von Rokitansky, established the scientific investigation of causes of disease based on performance of numerous meticulous autopsies.10–14 In the mid-19th century, the next great advance in pathology was led by Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). Virchow is the quintessence of the prepared mind succeeding by being at the right place (Germany) at the right time (improved light microscope).15 In 1858, Virchow established the scientific discipline of cellular pathology with his publication “Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebenlehre.” The title, “Cellular pathology as based upon physiological and pathological histology,” captures the essence of cytopathology, surgical pathology, and autopsy pathology as practiced today. The 19th century saw other major developments of relevance to pathology. Claude Bernard advanced the field of physiology and established the importance of biological experimentation in medicine.16 Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch were instrumental in formulating the germ theory of disease and the science of microbiology. Élie Metchnikoff and Julius Cohnheim among others made important observations providing a foundation for cellular physiology and immunology.17,18
Current knowledge for the microbiological diagnosis of Tropheryma whipplei infection
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2020
Sophie Edouard, Léa Luciani, Jean-Christophe Lagier, Didier Raoult
Currently, a positive immunohistochemical test on a small-bowel biopsy remains the gold standard for the definitive microbiologic diagnosis of classic Whipple’s disease. However, this technique is only available in ultra-specialized laboratories. Nevertheless, positive PAS staining combined with a positive and highly specific PCR [10,47] could be an alternative if immunohistochemical analysis is unavailable. PAS is available in all cytopathology laboratories, but PCR still requires the use of specialized laboratories. Some authors think that qPCR could seem to be superior to histology for Whipple’s disease diagnosis [75]. However, the results of qPCR should be interpreted carefully. Due to the presence of false-positive qPCR results [75,76], we strongly recommend comparing these results with another technique such as PAS, IHC, or FISH when reaching a definitive diagnosis of classic Whipple’s disease. Due to the significant treatment required to manage the disease and the recommendation to administer lifelong antibiotic treatment, we believe that the diagnosis should be reached on the basis of solid microbiological documentation. Although rare, some patients may present a positive qPCR from a digestive biopsy despite only being a carrier of the bacteria [77,78]. In most of these cases, low bacterial loads were observed (Ct value ≥35) [78].
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